Most cities, as part of their tourist attractions, offer tours of cemeteries. The graves of celebrities or ancient monumental mausoleums tell exciting tales of life and death.
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11 exceptional cemeteries in Europe
Most cities, as part of their tourist attractions, offer tours of cemeteries. The graves of celebrities or ancient monumental mausoleums tell touching tales of life and death. Here are 11 refuges of rest.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/U. Zucchi
For artists: Kassel Necropolis
A cemetery in the middle of the North Hessian forest, initiated by Documenta artists who design their own tombs. So far, nine different works of grave art have been created. Ugo Dossi's "Denk-Ort," for example, is made of massive steel plates. Visitors can transfer the picture elements of the installation onto paper or fabric and take them with them.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/U. Zucchi
For romantics: Père Lachaise, Paris
Leaves dancing in the wind on sandy paths: the rugged romantic cemetery in the northwestern part of the French capital is at its most beautiful in the fall. Unforgotten and visited by many fans from around the world are the graves of famous artists like Oscar Wilde, Eugene Delacroix, Sarah Bernhardt, Maria Callas, Edith Piaf, Frederic Chopin, Jim Morrison: the list is virtually never-ending.
Image: Paris Tourist Office/Marc Verhille
For pilgrims: Campo Santo Teutonico
This cemetery dedicated to German and Flemish speaking people is like an oasis with palm trees, caper and oleander bushes next to St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. Every inch of the ground in the cemetery as well as the walls are covered with grave stones. Among them you can discover special designed graves with sculptures of angels, or those depicting scenes from the Stations of the Cross.
Image: picture-alliance/R. Braum
For master builders: Cimitero Monumentale
Greek temples, Egyptian pyramids, and obelisks reaching 20 meters (65 feet) into the sky: the Cimitero Monumentale in Milan lives up to its name. Here is where the rich are buried and that is obvious even after their death. It is regarded as the most magnificent and splendid of all cemeteries in Italy. The 200,000-square meter graveyard was opened 150 years ago in 1866.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Themendienst
For those with humor: Kramsach, Austria
Those visiting this cemetery museum in Tyrol are probably seeking some of the cryptic inscriptions in Europe's most most bizarre collection of old, metal grave crosses. Here are some examples: "Here lies Jakob Hosenknopf who fell from his house roof into eternity" or "Here Johanna Vogelsang, who sang her whole life, has found peace." By the way, no one is actually buried here.
Image: picture-alliance/U. Gerig
For those who enjoyed life: Melaten, Cologne
This cemetery, which was used as a place of execution in the Middle Ages, today counts some 55,000 graves. Apart from the "promenade of millionaires" with the expensive graves of rich Cologne residents like the Farina family, who invented Eau de Cologne, you can find lovable sculptures, like this clown on the grave of someone with a passion for the local carnival traditions.
Image: DW/ Maksim Nelioubin
For historians: the Jewish cemetery, Hamburg
Scientists regard this cemetery as unique because of the high number of well-preserved tombstones: of the nearly 9,000 there are still 6,000 stones. It is also the oldest cemetery in northern Europe where both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews were buried. UNESCO is to vet this 400-year-old burial ground next year as a potential World Heritage Site.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/A. Heimken
For a stroll: Ohlsdorf Cemetery, Hamburg
Covering an area of 391 hectares (966 acres), this is the biggest rural cemetery in the world. About two million people discover its impressive mausoleums, ponds, sculptures and funerary museum every year. Since its inauguration in 1877, some 1.4 million funerals have been held here. Among the 235,000 graves are those of former German chancellor Helmut Schmidt and playwright Wolfgang Borchert.
Image: picture-alliance/BREUEL-BILD
For music lovers: Vienna Central Cemetery
Here all of Austria's famous are gathered, among them the crème de la crème of musicians and composers - apart from Mozart. Beethoven, Brahms, Strauss and Schubert, Arnold Schoenberg and, more recently, Falco and Udo Jürgens are all buried here. The cemetery, which was opened in 1874, has a network of paths between the 330,000 graves that cover a total of 450 kilometers (279 miles).
Image: Elizabeth Subercaseaux
For Mozart fans: St. Marx Cemetery, Vienna
And here is where Mozart might be buried: in a pauper's grave. Only 17 years after his death on December 5, 1791, did his wife, Constanze, try to locate his grave. As it was not marked she had to rely on the highly sketchy recollections of cemetery workers. It is therefore impossible to say exactly where Mozart was buried.
This cemetery, opened in 1818, is home to the ducal burial chapel of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, who share their burial chamber with Germany's two most famous poets, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller - though the latter's coffin does not actually contain his remains. The cemetery, which is part of the Classical Weimar World Heritage Site, also includes the Russian Orthodox Chapel.
Image: picture-alliance/DUMONT
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Finding some peace and quiet or just experiencing history, there are many reasons why tourists head for graveyards. Cemeteries as attractions are growing in popularity with tourists.
Ranked among the most popular graveyards are Vienna's central cemetery, Highgate cemetery in London and the world's biggest rural cemetery in Hamburg-Ohlsdorf. Here celebrities and famous characters from history have found their final resting place. Ancient architecture attracts visitors from around the world as much as the autumnal melancholy mood. Some cemeteries on their webpage actually claim to be recreational areas.
In the midst of life surrounded by death
Experts say this fascination has become more than a mere tourist fad. Cemeteries have "an undisputed cultural and historical significance," says Oliver Wirthmann, the managing director of the Association of German Burial Culture. He explains that "culture begins where people bury their dead."
This cultural value is also given UNESCO recognition: many cemeteries are World Heritage Sites, like the Swedish woodland cemetery Skogskyrkogarden or the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lviv in the Ukraine.
German graveyards have also applied for World Heritage listings, like the Jewish Cemetery in Berlin-Weissensee. The Jewish Cemetery in Hamburg Altona might be nominated in 2017.
Another initiative wants German cemetery culture to be added to the list of immaterial World Heritage. The application to the World Cultural Organization states that cemeteries form national identity.
Added to this, German cemeteries are also sculpture parks according to the Association of Commemoration Culture. Their spokesman Tobias Pehle says that many unique works made of stone or bronze are on a par with sculptures found in museums. But compared to museums, viewing them in cemeteries is always free of charge and open every day of the week.
Spiritual encounters
Whether visiting Mozart at the Saint Marx Cemetery in Vienna or Jim Morrison in Paris' Père Lachaise, the pilgrimage to these celebrities' final resting places helps handling "normal" graves, according to Wirthmann. This way people might redefine the grave of a relative as family meeting place.
For many people, being physically close to the deceased brings with it the hope of being spiritually close to them too, the spokesperson for the Society of German Burial Grounds Wilhelm Brandt said.
Visiting famous graves is often about getting a sense of history: those visiting the grave of John F. Kennedy will have a similar motivation as those who look at original furniture belonging to the assassinated US President in a museum.
"In the past, cemeteries were also a reflection of the cities' history," says Brandt, giving them their tourist drawing power. The Friends of Melaten association in Cologne invites people to discover the cathedral city's Melaten cemetery with their slogan "Cologne's Living History".
Remembering politicians and artists is changing as much as the culture of burial itself, Brandt says. "It's becoming digital - many relatives create memorial pages online where virtual candles can be lit" he explains, adding "that by the same merit there are an increasing number of memorial interactive pages for celebrities."
Pehle observes that there is also a growing trend back to traditional funerals. He says he's realized that for many, ensuring that their departure is celebrated in a dignified manner has become nearly as important as planning a wedding, for example. Graveyards will benefit from this attitude, he believes.