Sayeeda Warsi (in the forefront) was the first female Muslim to attend the British Cabinet, and was co-chair of the Conservative Party from 2010-12. In May 2018, Warsi called on Prime Minister Theresa May to publicly admit that the Conservative Party had a problem with Islamophobia. At her first meeting in Downing Street, she caused a small sensation by turning up in a traditional Indian outfit.

France has the largest number of Muslims in the Western world, and Islam is the second-largest religion in the country by numbers. But the proportion of Muslim politicians remains relatively small. Rachida Dati is one Muslim who has reached the highest echelons of French politics, serving as justice minister from 2007-2009. She is currently a Member of the European Parliament.

Dutch politician Joram van Klaveren was long a hard-line critic of Islam, campaigning against the religion as a lawmaker for the Party for Freedom (PVV). But he suddenly announced that he had converted to the faith while writing an anti-Islam book. His former political leader Geert Wilders, himself a vehement Islam critic, said the conversion was like a vegetarian taking a job in a slaughterhouse.

Ahmed Aboutaleb became mayor of the Dutch city of Rotterdam in 2009. He is the first immigrant mayor in the Netherlands. He has been outspoken in his criticism of Muslims who come to the West but oppose the freedom of speech espoused there. In 2015, he was voted the most popular Dutch politician in a poll for news agency ANP.

Sadiq Khan has been the mayor of London since 2016, having been a Labour MP from 2005 to 2016. Ahead of the Brexit referendum, he was a prominent campaigner for Britain to remain in Europe and has also supported equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. Khan won the Politician of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards in 2016. He is a practicing Muslim who regularly attends mosque.

German politician Cem Özdemir has been one of the most prominent faces of the Green party for years, serving as its co-chair between 2008 and 2018. Among other things, he opposes the accession of Turkey, his parents' homeland, to the EU while it is under the rule of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. He describes himself as a "secular Muslim" and has campaigned for the legalization of cannabis.

The CDU has traditionally been the main center-right party across Germany, but it shifted toward the center under Chancellor Angela Merkel. The party remains more fiscally and socially conservative compared to parties on the left. It supports membership of the EU and NATO, budgetary discipline at home and abroad and generally likes the status quo. It is the largest party in the Bundestag.

The CSU is the sister party of the CDU in Bavaria and the two act symbiotically at the national level (CDU/CSU). Despite their similarities, the CSU is generally more conservative than the CDU on social issues. The CSU leader and premier of Bavaria, Markus Söder, ordered crosses in every state building in 2018.

The SPD is Germany's oldest political party and the main center-left rival of the CDU/CSU. It shares the CDU/CSU support for the EU and NATO, but it takes a more progressive stance on social issues and welfare policies. It is currently in a coalition government with the CDU/CSU and is trying to win back support under interim leaders Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel, Manuela Schwesig and Malu Dreyer.

The new kid on the block is the largest opposition party in the Bundestag. The far-right party was founded in 2013 and entered the Bundestag for the first time in 2017 under the stewardship of Alice Weidel and Alexander Gauland. It is largely united by opposition to Merkel's immigration policy, euroscepticism, and belief in the alleged dangers posed by Germany's Muslim population.

The FDP has traditionally been the kingmaker of German politics. Although it has never received more than 15 percent of the vote, it has formed multiple coalition governments with both the CDU/CSU and SPD. The FDP, today led by Christian Lindner, supports less government spending and lower taxes, but takes a progressive stance on social issues such as gay marriage or religion.

The Greens, led today by Annalena Baerbock and Robert Habeck, emerged from the environmental movement in the 1980s. Unsuprisingly, it supports efforts to fight climate change and protect the environment. It is also progressive on social issues. But strong divisions have occasionally emerged on other topics. The party famously split in the late 1990s over whether to use military force in Kosovo.

The Left, led by Katja Kipping and Bernd Riexinger, is the most left-wing party in the Bundestag. It supports major redistribution of wealth at home and a pacifist stance abroad, including withdrawing Germany from NATO. It emerged from the successor party to the Socialist Unity Party (SED) that ruled communist East Germany until 1989. Today, it still enjoys most of its support in eastern Germany.