Over the weekend, Tunisia took another step away from democracy and toward authoritarianism.

The small Maghreb country has often been held up as the only true success story to emerge from the turmoil of post-2011 regional revolutions — after the period known as the "Arab Spring," when the country's dictator was removed from power by popular protests — with the potential to become a genuine democracy.

But on Sunday, only 11.3% of the country's nearly 8 million eligible voters turned out for parliamentary elections. This was likely the world's lowest turnout for a parliamentary election, according to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Some locals have described it as a "ghost election."

The official results of the vote are expected to be announced by midweek. 

Boycotts and brickbats 

One of the country's most popular political parties, Ennahda (Renaissance), previously the biggest in Tunisia's parliament, boycotted the elections, as did other opposition parties and civil society groups. They did so in part because parliament's powers had already been diminished as a result of changes undertaken by Tunisia's current president, Kais Saied. 

"We consider this political process, as instituted by Saied, to be illegitimate because of the low turnout," Imed Khemiri, a spokesperson for Ennahda, told DW. "This has compounded an already complex situation. The majority of Tunisians have clearly rejected this path."

Saied took power in 2021 in what has often been described as a creeping "constitutional coup." Since then, the 64-year-old has been ruling Tunisia by unilateral presidential decree. 

This weekend's election was seen as yet another important test for Saied's legitimacy and the dismal turnout, as well as irregularities reported by election observers, seem to have hammered yet another nail into the coffin of Tunisia's fledgling democracy.

So what will happen next?

"What we can say with near total certainty is that Tunisia's short-term prognosis is very grim — economically, politically and socially," said Monica Marks, a professor of Middle East politics at New York University Abu Dhabi and an expert on Tunisia.

Saied looks likely to remain in power, at least in the short term, and Tunisia's economy, which has been in trouble for some time, will continue to struggle, she said. 

Ines Jaibi, a Tunisian lawyer and pro-democracy activist, is slightly more optimistic.

She believes recent events, like the election, are bringing Tunisian opposition groups closer together. For instance, Jaibi pointed to an emerging initiative that attempts to forge closer ties between Tunisia's very influential General Labor Union (UGTT), the Tunisian Human Rights League, the country's bar association and several political parties.

"The democratic opposition [to Saied] still has many differences of opinion," she confirmed. "But, in light of the deteriorating economic situation, there are new dynamics too. We have one goal now, and that is to get rid of Saied's unilateral rule. The opposition is not dead," she argued. "In fact, it's getting stronger."

Saied popular at first

Saied was first elected president in 2019. In that election, voter turnout was 55%. However in the summer of 2021, he suspended Tunisia's parliament, arguing that infighting among parliamentarians, political gridlock, corruption and economic crisis, alongside the COVID-19 pandemic, required a total reset.

Since then, he has also taken control of the country's judiciary, electoral and anti-corruption authorities, and has increasingly jailed or persecuted his opponents.

When the former constitutional lawyer first initiated this course of action, many voters cheered him on. They thought Saied could resolve some of the country's most pressing problems. Even some of the political opposition and Tunisia's all-important General Labor Union seemed reluctant to criticize him openly. 

However, Tunisia's president has not managed to fulfill his promises. As a result, he has become less popular. Extremely low voter turnout for the first round of parliamentary elections last December, for municipal elections last March and for an important constitutional referendum in early 2022 underscored this fact.

That's what gives activists like Jaibi some confidence.

"He promised serious reforms but we haven't seen anything," she said. "People have had it with these promises and that's why they boycotted the last two elections. They don't believe this regime is going to find an answer to their problems, especially their economic problems."

She hopes that means ordinary Tunisians will lend more support to Saied's opposition in the future, especially if opposition parties can agree to nominate just one person to run against Saied in the next presidential election, slated for 2024. "Doing that would be an important step," Jaibi stressed.

Economic fault lines growing

Mohamed-Dhia Hammami, a Tunisian political researcher and analyst based at New York's Syracuse University, has come to similar conclusions.

"Right now, the main feature of the political scene [in Tunisia] is a high level of fragmentation," he said, noting increased infighting among Saied's supporters. "That's the main outcome of these elections. This is going to make any kind of stabilization — whether that is democratic or autocratic — close to impossible."

Whatever happens next, Hammami and other analysts agree Tunisia's faltering economy will play a major role.

Ever since the 2011 protests removed Tunisia's former autocratic leader Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali from power, the country has lurched from political uncertainty to economic crisis, and back again.

The World Bank reports that in the decade since Ben Ali's removal, Tunisia's economic growth and investment have declined. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on important sectors like tourism, the impact of the war in Ukraine on global trade, inflation and higher foreign debt have all made things worse.

Most recently, Tunisians have had to deal with shortages of basic goods like milk and butter, and have seen prices for staples like cooking oil double.

"[Tunisia] is in an uncomfortable situation, with genuine democracy suspended here since July 2021," Murad al-Bakhti, 35, owner of a digital marketing company, told DW. "In addition, the president and his government have not provided any clear vision for overcoming this economic crisis."

A new Tunisian uprising?

The country's government is currently seeking a bailout from the International Monetary Fund. A preliminary agreement on this was announced in October, though it has not yet been finalized. But even if the bailout does happen, conditions around it may well include curbs on state spending, and austerity measures like cutting subsidies for the country's poorest.

"Despite abundant evidence, Saied appears oblivious to the warning signs of a looming social explosion — an explosion that will undoubtedly topple his dictatorship," as Tunisian academic Haythem Guesmi wrote in an op-ed for news outlet Al Jazeera after this weekend's elections, adding, "Another Tunisian uprising is in the making."

"The economy is Saied's number one vulnerability," NYU professor Marks agreed. She believes Saied is an "ineffective dictator" who stands out because he hasn't tried very hard to shore up local support for his regime, or to resolve problems — such as economic ones — that could eventually topple him.

Currently, Tunisia's presidents are elected to five-year terms, meaning Saied would be up for reelection in 2024 in a vote that could potentially mark a turning point.

On the other hand, Marks added, the Tunisian opposition is not yet united enough to push Saied out of power.

"We have not reached critical mass yet in terms of an opposition that can work together coherently," she explained. "We may yet see that, but it's not here yet."

"And," she added, "at the same time, ordinary Tunisians are just exhausted. They're only just hanging on, more preoccupied with paying the rent or finding some milk to buy. They don't see any inspiring political alternatives [to Saied] and right now, to them, the country feels rudderless, grim and exhausting."

Edited by: Jon Shelton