Barbara Baran, one of the main organizers of Poland's largest feminist Facebook group, recently launched SexEdPl, an educational campaign to explain safe sex to young Poles.  

As the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) government plans to take Poland out of the Istanbul Convention on violence against women and education reforms shunt sex education off the curriculum, Baran believes that the time is ripe for a conversation about matters sexual in the deeply Catholic country. 

In addition to stifling public discussion of reproduction, PiS has sought to make abortion, contraception and family planning more difficult to obtain, said Baran, a psychologist who specializes in sexuality. 

"The SexEdPl campaign is about making it OK for women to talk about sex issues openly," she added.

SexEdPl consists of short videos in which Polish artists and public figures discuss everything from masturbation and consent, to doctor's visits and birth control.

Some 14 celebrities — including the campaign's leading light, Polish supermodel Anja Rubik (pictured), musician Monika Brodka, actress Magda Cielecka and gay politician Robert Biedron — feature in the films.

"We started a Facebook page, Girls4Girls (Dziewuchy Dziewuchom), just after the government introduced its abortion legislation in April 2016," Baran said.

Perhaps in part because of this rising awareness of sexual politics and the directness with which PiS has pursued its moral agenda, many women are up in arms.

Large numbers demonstrated in Warsaw and other big cities in 2016 after PiS attempted to tighten an already restrictive law on abortion.

The group sees its role as helping to educate Polish women about their reproductive rights on abortion, contraception and maternity care. 

It has informal links with the Dutch feminist group Women on the Waves, which has been working on helping women in Poland, get access to contraception and abortion advice over the past decade.

Baran said lawyers from the Ordo Iuris, a hard-line conservative advocacy group, recently sent guidelines to prosecutors on identifying proxies for "abortion tourism," and this would cover Women on the Waves.

"Within 24 hours we had 30,000 clicks," Baran said of the surge in support after PiS outlined its abortion plans last year. 

Now with about 500,000 members, it is the biggest feminist movement in Polish history, with branches in Berlin, London, Dublin and Paris, Baran said.

Reforms avoid sex 

Legislation passed in September removed sex education from the national curriculum and replaced it with beefed up "Preparation for Family Life" programs, which existed before, Baran said, but are now much more conservative.

Instead of learning about contraception, youths will be introduced to papal-inspired NaProTechnology and other strategies for family planning endorsed by the Catholic Church.

"In the core curriculum, the word 'family' cropped up 173 times and the word 'sex' just twice: once a reference to cybersex and the other to sex addiction," Baran said. 

"Professor Urszula Dudziak, who heads the parliamentary committee overseeing the legislation, has said sex education is not needed at all," she added. 

"We see this odd attitude as dangerous and as equally strange as the recent ad campaign featuring rabbits to encourage Poles to reproduce," Baran said.

Personal is political

Baran believes that public opinion is changing.

"When we started, 18 percent of people polled said they supported a liberalization of the abortion law, and now it's 46 percent," she said.

Girls4Girls, like the Committee for the Defense of Democracy (KOD), is not affiliated with any political party.

KOD was set up in early 2016 to defend against the perceived undermining of Polish democracy by PiS.

"We also found that women in rural areas are much more receptive to our ideas and wanted to take part," Baran said.

She said feminism's critics in Poland consider the ideology an educated, urban trifle with little or no relevance to "ordinary" women, the majority of whom live in small towns and villages and attend church regularly.  

"Interestingly, older women also tend to be more progressive, which is maybe a legacy of the communist era, when abortions were legal," Baran said. 

The church reacts

Since coming to power in late 2015, PiS has adopted a socially conservative line on issues from sex education to abortion, seemingly bent on turning the clock back to a time — imaginary or real — when the Catholic Church dominated public morality. Some see PiS as paying the church back for its assistance in galvanizing support during the 2015 elections via organs such as Radio Maryja.

The church-funded StopAbortion campaign is very strong, Baran said. "And it doesn't hold back on the rhetoric," she added. "We are murderers for them."

One particularly egregious example of the vitriolic language used by the some members of the church came from Father Dariusz Oko, a lecturer at Krakow's John Paul II Papal University, who said in 2014: "Just as the church criticized Marxist and Nazi ideology — and was persecuted for it — so now it is criticizing gender ideology."

Urszula Chowaniec, a sociologist at London University, told DW that the church considers interrogations of gender "deeply destructive" to "the person, inter-human relations and all social life." 

She quoted a pastoral letter by Polish bishops attacking the "ideology of gender," which was recited in all churches on December 29, 2013. In their letter, the bishops said the "ideology of gender" was "strongly rooted in Marxism and neo-Marxism."

The Warsaw-based film critic Ola Sekula told DW that, ahead of a protest against abortion plans last year, one bishop proposed throwing hydrochloric acid at the marchers.

In fact several activists from the far-right Mlodziez Wszechpolska (All-National Youth) only threw stone-hard pieces of ice, she said. "I no longer take my daughter on these marches," she added.

Body politics

Hundreds of thousands of women and men took to the streets on Black Monday in November 2016 to protest the curbing of an already draconian abortion law. 

The Federation for Women and Family Planning estimates that about 150,000 illegal abortions are performed each year. Legal abortions in Poland, which has a population of 38 million, are limited to around 700 to 1,800 per year.

The National Health Fund reported that there were over 1,800 abortions in 2014, compared to over 1,350 in 2013.

Some women travel to Germany or to other nearby countries where restrictions are laxer.

Doctors are scared to carry out abortions even in the three cases the law allows — rape, when the pregnancy endangers the mother's life and a damaged fetus — Baran said.

"Very few want to take the risk. In fact they now try to make access to the morning after pill even more difficult by making a prescription needed to get it, which kind of defeats the object," Baran said.

She added that all doctors can claim a "conscience clause" in this area — and most do.

No 'Weinstein effect'

According to the STER Foundation’s report on sexual violence, 87 percent of Polish women have experienced some kind of sexual harassment, while 9 out of 10 rapes are never reported to the police.

When such behavior is commonplace, it creates fertile ground for sexism and misogyny that are the foundation of Poland’s deeply rooted rape culture, Baran said.

"As far as sexual harassment goes, Poland is very, very far from anything like the 'Weinstein effect' in the US and UK," she added. "But it is equally needed when 20 percent of Polish women have been raped and 70 percent of rape cases never even make it to court."  

A sexual revolution?

The sexologist Zbigniew Lew-Starowicz believes that important sexual changes are taking place in Poland.

"This is a revolution," he told the weekly magazine Polityka. 

"Sexual taboos are disappearing, and women in Poland have at last discovered sex for themselves," Lew-Starowicz said. "Not for their partner, not for the sake of a relationship, not in the interest of the family. Not for obligation, but for pleasure!"

Lew-Starowicz noted that, in a survey published in the same issue of Polityka, more than three-quarters of women said they needed to have sex at least once a week. In 1992 only 35.3 percent said as much.

The actress Magdalena Boczarska, who played the lead in the The Art of Love, a film about a 1970s Polish sexologist that premiered in February, also said some progress had been made.

"Thankfully, women have learnt how to draw pleasure from sex, have understood the importance of sexual satisfaction, not just giving pleasure," she told DW. "I would even risk saying that women appear to be much more sexually liberated than men."

And the Playboy Polska journalist Aleksandra Rozdzynska told DW: "Even very religious people of my generation do not wait for sex until marriage. They have many partners before marriage. I also think they do not take to heart the warnings of priests and their advice for married life."

Baran is more cautious, noting that most celebrities did not want to support the SexEdPl campaign.

But it appears that a movement is in motion. 

"I am just very angry watching PiS's changes," a middle-aged mother of two from Silesia told DW. "I attend a lot of these protests with my kids against the violation of women rights and the day after each of them my 5-year-old daughter asks: 'Did we win?' I keep telling her not yet; it is a long way but we will win."