Big data reveals Shakespeare co-authored 17 of his plays
October 25, 2016
Shakespeare got help in writing 17 of his world-famous plays - including from his supposed arch rival Christopher Marlowe. The mixed authorship was revealed in a new edition of his works that relied on big data.
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He may have been the greatest playwright of all time, but William Shakespeare (1564-1616) didn't work alone. A team of international researchers has concluded that 17 of 44 works by the Bard were the result of collaborations, Oxford University Press said Monday.
That is more than twice as many as the eight of 39 plays that were identified back in 1986 by Oxford University Press as having mixed authorship.
Thought since the 18th century to have been Shakespeare's rival, Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) is now credited with co-writing the Henry VI trilogy. Thomas Middleton (1580-1627) is said to have been an adaptor for "All's Well That Ends Well."
Eighteen experts from five countries have been working on the new edition since January 2009. Discovering that Marlowe was indeed not a rival but a collaborator overturned a long-standing belief about their relationship.
"A lot of scholars have suspected this since the 18th century but until very recently we didn't have any way to prove that it was reliable," general editor Gary Taylor of Florida State University told news agency AFP.
Big data revealed mixed authorship
According to Taylor, the research team made use of big data to conduct precise comparisons of works by Shakespeare and a number of his contemporaries. These kinds of computerized databases have only become available within the past two decades.
"We counted how often particular words and phrases appeared in texts by Shakespeare and other authors of his day. These patterns were pretty unmistakable," researcher Gabriel Egan of De Montfort University in Leicester told news agency dpa.
He said that it remains unclear exactly how the authors worked together. It could have been that Marlowe wrote the texts and Shakespeare later edited them.
"Part of what's interesting is the interaction of two very different geniuses. It's why those plays have struck people as being different from Shakespeare," Taylor continued, referring to the Henry VI trilogy.
"We can now see that difference is because this is Marlowe, a writer who was very interested in politics, violence and religious conflict. Marlowe writes about these things in a different style. These discoveries actually make these plays more interesting, not less."
Meet Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is the most influential playwright and poet of Western literature. Get a glimpse into the life of the man who revolutionized theatre by tracing his footsteps in Stratford-upon-Avon.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/M. Reichel
A date with Shakespeare
On April 23, 1616, Shakespeare died in Stratford. It is here that Shakespeare grew up, went to school, married, and became father to three children. It is also here that some of his greatest works were allegedly written. "Shakespeare Steps", a brand-new self-guided tour, invites visitors to discover the poet's world.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/T. Halliday
Who is that guy?
Many theories and very few facts surround Shakespeare’s life, including his appearance. For centuries, portraits of the Bard have been discovered and discounted. Pictured here, the most recently discovered portrait purportedly painted during his lifetime was unveiled in Mainz, Germany in February 2014.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/D. Reinhardt
Let's celebrate
As a tribute to Shakespeare celebrations will be held on April 23 and 24 and include performances and parades. Shakespeare draws more than six million visitors each year to an otherwise sleepy town. During this 400th anniversary year, it is expected that attractions like Midsummer Madness at Mary Arden's Farm will entice many more.
Image: The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Where it all began
Shakespeare was born in this house on Henley Street on or around April 23, 1564, and baptized on April 26. The son of Mary Arden and the glove maker John Shakespeare and eldest of five surviving children, it is here he probably first learned to read and write.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Gerig
School days
Shakespeare never attended university. It is likely that he received his only formal education at King Edward VI School, though no record exists. Shakespeare would have attended this schoolhouse from around 1571, learning Latin and Greek and participating in drama. After major renovations, Shakespeare's Schoolrom and Guildhouse will open to the public on April 23.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/B. Clift
Mrs. Shakespeare: Anne Hathaway
Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway in 1582 after she became pregnant with their first daughter. He was 18 and she 26, and they remained married until his death 34 years later. The picturesque farmhouse where young Shakespeare courted his future bride Anne is now known as Anne Hathaway's Cottage & Gardens and is open to the public.
A house of his own
New Place, the family home purchased by Shakespeare in 1597, was torn down in the 18th century. The garden remained. It is believed that he wrote his later plays here, including The Tempest and Henry VIII. The site opened to the public in 2016 after a major transformation.
Image: The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Shakespeare on stage
The first theatre in Stratford dedicated to Shakespeare was built on the River Avon in 1879, but burned down in 1926. On that site you can now see plays in the Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatres. The spaces have been transformed, so that audiences now sit in rounded galleries that bring viewers and performers closer together - just as in Shakespeare’s time.
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A tribute to Shakespeare
The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is probably one of the world's most famous theatre companies. Notable actors have appeared in RSC productions, including Ben Kingsley, Colin Firth, Judi Dench and Tilda Swinton. All year round, they perform productions of Shakespeare's plays and plays by other notable playwrights.
Image: Stratford.co.uk
Holy Trinity Church
Shakespeare was baptized and buried in Holy Trinity Church, the oldest building in Stratford and one of the most visited churches in England. Inside you can see the graves of William Shakespeare, his wife Anne Hathaway and other family members.
Image: Holy Trinity Church
A last farewell
The epitaph on Shakespeare’s grave is a curse. It was common in his day to attempt to dissuade grave robbers like this: "Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear / To dig the dust enclosed here. / Blessed be the man that spares these stones, / And cursed be he that moves my bones." Above the graves is the Shakespeare Memorial. It is considered to be one of the most accurate likenesses of him.