The October 1 independence vote will decide whether Catalonia would break away from Spain or not. For football fans, an equally important question is where would the Barcelona football club play if the "yes" vote wins?
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/J. Lizon
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As Catalans gear up to cast their votes in a disputed independence referendum on Sunday, football fans all over the world are perplexed over the future of FC Barcelona, one of Spain's most prestigious and successful football clubs.
Where would the club play if Catalonia becomes an independent state? Would the region kick start its own league? Would a Catalonian league be as competitive as La Liga? Where would Barcelona's star footballer Lionel Messi play? The club's local and international fans are debating these questions.
Clubs' pro-independence leaning
It is no secret that FC Barcelona is not a neutral bystander in the Catalonian independence bid. In 2014, the club joined the National Pact on the Right to Decide, a group comprising of political parties and civil society organizations in favor of the independence vote. Earlier this month, the club released a statement saying it would defend "democracy, freedom of speech, and self-determination."
The Catalonian club has repeatedly said it is not a political entity, but some players, including Gerard Pique, and former FC Barcelona and Bayern Munich coach, Pep Guardiola, have openly expressed their views in favor of independence.
FC Barcelona officials are confident they could choose to play in whichever league they want – including the Spanish League. But it would probably not be as easy as they think.
"Barcelona cannot choose where it plays if there is an independence process in Catalonia," Javier Tebas, the president of Spain's Professional Football League, which organizes La Liga, said.
"In sport, it isn't a la carte and things must be clearly stated," Tebas recently told the pro-Madrid Marca newspaper. "It isn't easy to have an agreement and study Spanish legislation but if they [Catalan clubs] do get that, then they will not be able to play in Spain's La Liga, but I hope it doesn't come to that."
Catalonia braces for disputed vote
Tensions are high in Spain's northeastern Catalonia region ahead of an independence referendum set for Sunday. Police have orders to shut down polling stations, but separatists are determined to go ahead with the vote.
Image: picture-alliance/Zumapress/M. Oesterle
Show of defiance
Thousands of demonstrators waving "Estelada" flags emblematic of the pro-independence movement gathered in central Barcelona for a final "yes" campaign rally ahead of Sunday's planned vote. "In these hugely intense and hugely emotional moments, we sense that what we once thought was only a dream is within reach," Catalonia's leader, Carles Puigdemont, told the cheering crowd.
Image: picture-alliance/Zumapress/M. Oesterle
Take over
Catalans gathered in a hall at Barcelona's Miquel Tarradell high school, one of the designated polling stations, in a bid to prevent police from shutting it down. Referendum organizers said groups of activists, including parents and children, have occupied dozens of similar buildings across the region to make sure voting can go ahead.
Image: Reuters/E. Calvo
Reinforcements arrive
Spain's government has vowed to stop the vote and declared it illegal. Thousands of extra police have been deployed to Catalonia with orders to clear out polling stations by Sunday morning. The region's police force has warned of the risk of "disruption of public order" if they try to prevent people from casting ballots.
Image: Reuters/E. Calvo
Zumba, movies and football
A court has banned the use of public buildings "for the preparation and organization" of the referendum. Instead, Catalan activists have encouraged people occupying polling stations to get creative. Barcelona's Joan Brossa high school, for instance, advertised it would host film screenings, football matches and Zumba dance fitness classes on Friday and Saturday.
Image: picture-alliance/AP Photo/M. Fernandez
Final preparations
Despite the referendum ban and police deployment, Catalan leaders insist the vote will go ahead. They have set up more than 2,300 polling stations in schools and other buildings, and in recent days have installed plastic ballot boxes and printed millions of voting forms. Snacks and supplies were also distributed to sustain activists who planned to stay through the weekend.
Image: Reuters/A. Gea
Support from farmers
On Friday, Catalan farmers on tractors trundled along Barcelona's boulevards in a show of support for the separatists. The region's main farmers union, Unio de Pagesos, said it planned to fight for "democracy and liberty" and would help to protect polling stations.
Image: picture-alliance/Zumapress/M. Oesterle
Fireman also on board
Catalan firefighters have also backed the secession campaign, pledging to help keep voting stations open.
Image: picture-alliance/AA/A. Llop
Divisive campaign
The planned vote has stoked tensions among Catalans in Spain's wealthy northeast. Polls show the region is deeply split on the question of independence, although a large majority would like the opportunity to have their say on the matter in a legal referendum.
Image: picture-alliance/Zumapress/M. Oesterle
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Catalonia's own league?
Espanyol and Girona are other major football clubs in the region who could be affected in the aftermath of a "yes" vote in Catalonia. The Catalan Football Federation manages a number of other smaller clubs in the region and could initiate its own league if Catalonia becomes an independent country.
But how competitive would the new league be? Would the winner of a Catalonian league be automatically guaranteed a place in the UEFA's Champions League? If not, then why would star players like Andres Iniesta, Sergio Busquets and Luis Suarez play in a competition that would most likely be similar to a second league in stature? Most importantly, a possible departure of big players from FC Barcelona could cripple the club financially.
Former French Prime Minister Manuel Valls gave his two cents on the issue in 2015, suggesting that FC Barcelona could play their football in Ligue 1 should Catalonia gain independence from Spain.
"Monaco play in Ligue 1, so why not Barcelona?" Valls told the media.
A number of clubs across Europe do not play in their national leagues, for instance Welsh club Swansea City, which competes in the Premier League.
It is possible that FC Barcelona would be taken in by Italy's Serie A.
Guardiola and Barcelona - A special relationship
Bayern Munich head coach Pep Guardiola spent most of his career at Barcelona. Starting as a player, he went on to be one of the club's most successful coaches. Ahead of his return home, DW takes a look back.
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A strategist
After making it into Barcelona's famous football school "La Masia" aged just 13, Guardiola eventually became an integral part of the first team. Between 1990 and 2001, he won six league titles, two Spanish cups and a Champions League title at Barca.
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Once partners, now rivals
In 1992, Guardiola (right) also won a gold medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. His partner in crime back then was Luis Enrique (left), Barcelona's current head coach. They've maintained a close relationship ever since, adding even more anticipation to their Champions League match-up.
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Return as a head coach
In 2001, Guardiola left Barcelona as the club's then-coach Louis van Gaal turned his eye to younger players. After stops in Italy, Qatar and Mexico, Guardiola returned to coach Barcelona's youth team in 2007. One year later he was named first-team head coach. At 37-years-old he was the third youngest head coach ever at Barcelona.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/J. Giddens
No time for big names
Straight from the start, Guardiola planned a future without stars like Samuel Eto'o, Deco and Ronaldinho. Even Superstar Zlatan Ibrahimovic, who joined the club in a swap for Eto'o in 2009, did not stay long. Pep opted for team-oriented players who understood his idea of possession football and could deliver his famous tiki-taka style of play.
Image: Getty Images/Afp/Josep Lago
Golden era
Guardiola's style brought success - in a big way. The Catalonian club collected 14 titles in four years as the club became the blueprint on modern footballing success. In Pep's first year in charge, Barcelona won it all: La Liga, the Copa del Rey and the Champions League.
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Catalonian hero
Guardiola became a hero throughout Catalonian for taking Barca back to the top and putting an end to the dominance of the "Galaticos" of rivals Real Madrid. Pep became pretty much synonymous with the club and the whole region.
Image: picture-alliance/EPA/A. Dalmau
Supernatural pivot
Guardiola's most prominent protégé was Lionel Messi (left). Pep put his faith in the diminutive Argentinean, and he responded by become one of the most lethal goal-scoring threats in ths game. Other players who rose to prominence under Pep were midfielders Iniesta and Xavi, defenders Puyol and Pique, and keeper Valdes.
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Star pupil Thiago
One of Guardiola's favourite later pupils was Thiago (right). In 2011, when Guardiola won his second Champions League the midfield magician was in the squad. Pep also brought Thiago to Munich. When asked whom he wanted as a transfer, he allegedly said: "Thiago or no one."
Image: Getty Images/D. Ramos
The end of an era
After four years on the Barca bench, Guardiola stepped down. The constant stress had taken its toll, and the head coach needed a break. His last season at Barca showed it, as the club lost the league title to Real Madrid and was knocked out of the Champions League by Chelsea in the semifinals. A Spanish Cup was Guardiola's final trophy.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Albert Olive
A tumultuous friendship ends
Guardiola's long-time assistant Tito Vilanova took over when Pep left. Vilanova was then diagnosed with cancer and treated in New York, but Guardiola didn't visit him, despite living in the city during his sabbatical. Vilanova died before the two could reconcile, and at the wish of Vilanova's widow, Guardiola was not invited to the funeral.
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Once a fan, always a fan
Wherever Guardiola is employed, part of his heart will always be at FC Barcelona. In March, he and his father watched the club's Champions League game against Manchester City. During the match he was as emotional as any supporter. No surprise considering that he's a season-ticket holder.
Image: picture-alliance/epa/A. Estevez
The first time in the opposite dugout
Now Guardiola returns to "his" team and "his" stadium as as Bayern head coach. For Pep, Barca is certainly more than a club, and no opponent could be more special. Nevertheless, Guardiola was keepiung things low-key, saying "It's just a game." No one is buying that.
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El Clasico and Messi-Ronaldo rivalry
FC Barcelona possibly not competing in La Liga would deprive football lovers of El Clasico, which most football experts dub the "best club football match" in the world.
El Clasicos are not merely football games; they are filled with nationalistic sentiments. While the Real Madrid club currently has an edge in El Clasicos over FC Barcelona, the latter has been more successful of the two in La Liga in the past 10 years.
The rivalry between Real Madrid's Portuguese star Cristiano Ronaldo and Barcelona's Messi, played out to its maximum in El Clasicos, is also a spectacle to behold. FC Barcelona possibly exiting La Liga would put a damper on that also.
Last but not least, the Catalonian independence could force the 30-year-old Messi, who has been with FC Barcelona since the age of 12, to look for other clubs. And if that happens, the German football fans would hope he opts for a Bundesliga team.