At the end of November, an unusually severe period of rain and storms began over northwestern Sumatra. Extreme monsoon rainfall led to devastating flooding and landslides. In the particularly affected district of Aceh Tamiang, entire villages were flooded and roads and bridges were destroyed.

According to Indonesian authorities, at least 1,006 people died in the floods and landslides on Sumatra. In addition, more than 5,400 people were injured and over 200 are still missing. The number of victims could rise further.

According to the national disaster management agency, more than 1.2 million people have been forced to seek refuge in emergency shelters — many of them in makeshift camps on the side of the road or in tents because their villages are uninhabitable. The supply situation remains precarious.

An aerial photograph shows tree trunks swept away by flash floods on the grounds of the Darul Mukhlisin Islamic boarding school and the adjacent mosque in Aceh Tamiang, North Sumatra. The district is one of the worst-affected regions. Houses and infrastructure have been destroyed, leaving thousands of people homeless.

A Koran smeared with mud lies in the Darul Mukhlisin Islamic boarding school, left behind after the flash flood. In addition to the direct damage caused by the flood, a second humanitarian crisis is looming. Disrupted supply routes and food shortages have prompted authorities to warn of further deaths from hunger and disease.

The aerial photo shows residents crossing a river by boat after a bridge was destroyed by flooding in July in Aceh province. Located on the equator, the island of Sumatra is frequently exposed to monsoon and storm systems. Dense river networks and mountainous regions are prone to flooding and landslides during heavy rainfall, especially in Aceh and in northern and western Sumatra.

Men deliver bread and other foodstuffs to their communities on motorcycles. The region's vital transport arteries are still marked by the aftermath of the flash flood that hit Aceh Tamiang in North Sumatra around three weeks ago.

Meteorologists warn that heavy rainfall could become more frequent in the region in the future as climate change intensifies extreme weather events. Experts are therefore calling for sustainable urban planning, the renaturation of river courses and the development of more resilient infrastructure to mitigate similar tragedies in the future.

Many of those affected express anger at the slow pace of relief efforts. "After more than two weeks, we are still struggling with the same problems ... nothing can be cleaned outside because of all the mud," says a survivor from Aceh. Criticism is directed primarily at the slow delivery of supplies to remote areas.

Volunteers are providing relief supplies to affected residents. President Prabowo Subianto traveled to the disaster areas and promised comprehensive government support. He said that basic services had been secured, food and shelter were being provided, and rebuilding the infrastructure was a top priority. "Together, we will improve this situation," Subianto declared.

Hundreds of thousands of homes have been damaged, numerous public buildings such as schools and health facilities destroyed, and bridges torn away or rendered impassable. Local authorities are talking about a long-term reconstruction process that will take months, if not years.