Ethiopia is at risk of a renewed civil war. Rival movements are setting aside their differences to cooperate against the government, while a peace deal meant to end the last war is now under threat. So, who is fighting whom, and why?

The federal government, led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, fought a devastating war against theTigray People’s Liberation Front, or TPLF, from 2020 to 2022. Both sides signed a peace agreement to end the war, but many issues that drove the conflict remain unresolved. Now, fighting is flaring up again. The government is also facing other armed groups, including Fano militias in the Amhara region and the Oromo Liberation Army, or OLA, in Oromia.