Germany: Berlin Wall's 62nd anniversary remembered in city
August 13, 2023
German leaders paid tribute to those who were killed by border guards in the once-divided capital. At least 140 people died seeking to escape communist East Germany for West Berlin.
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German officials in Berlin on Sunday commemorated the 62nd anniversary of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Construction on the Berlin Wall first began on August 13, 1961.
Communist East Germany, formally known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR), erected the 155-kilometer-long (96-mile) barrier in order to keep its citizens from fleeing into West Berlin. The GDR's border guard monitored the wall and would shoot those trying to escape.
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Berlin's Giffey: 'Freedom cannot be taken for granted'
At the Chapel of Reconciliation in Berlin, the city's State Senator for Economy, Energy and Enterprise Franziska Giffey attended a memorial service along with other German officials. Giffey and the others then laid wreaths at the wall memorial at the city's Bernauer Strasse.
"Even after so many years it's important to keep raising awareness that democracy and freedom cannot taken for granted," Giffey posted on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter. She noted that people died in pursuit for freedom for a reunified Germany and free Berlin.
The Berlin Wall Foundation estimates that at least 140 people died trying cross the wall from East to West Berlin.
One of those the victims being remembered Sunday is Peter Fechter.
The 18-year-old had attempted to flee over the wall in 1962 but was shot right in front of it. The severely injured Fechter shouted out for help, but the East German border police did not assist him.
West German police saw Fechter, but could not help him because they feared they would put themselves in danger. Fechter stopped screaming 50 minutes later after being shot, with East German media later announcing his death.
An event in memory of Fechter is anticipated at Zimmerstrasse, where he died. Zimmerstrasse is close to the famous Checkpoint Charlie.
Memorial events were also expected in nearby Brandenburg.
Berlin before the Wall
Living in the East, but heading for the cinema and concerts in the West — and vice versa. Before the Wall was built, Berlin was an open city. We revisit significant spaces of cultural exchange.
Image: DW/H. Rawlinson
Cinemas along the Iron Curtain
In the 1950s, numerous "border cinemas" opened along the West Berlin sector border. The Corso, also known as Lichtburg, was one of the largest. The concept was the brainchild of Oscar Martay, the film officer of the American High Commission for Occupied Germany. The aim was to publicize the values of the West and the "free world" in the East.
Image: Gert Schütz/akg-images/picture alliance
Discounted admission for East Berliners
The City border cinema (in the background) at Checkpoint Charlie was also very popular. The cinemas offered discounted movie tickets to residents of the Soviet sector. While the official exchange rate between the East and West German Marks back then was 1:4, it was lowered for visiting cinema buffs from the East to the rate of 1:1.
Image: akg-images/picture alliance
The end of an era
Most border cinemas were located on the most important road links between East and West Berlin. They were allowed to open from the wee hours of the morning and screen programs throughout the day. The construction of the Berlin Wall signaled the end of the era of border cinemas. They were either closed down or converted to something else.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/N. Armer
Jazz concerts in the West
For a long time, jazz — like other Western music genres — was branded the "poison of imperialism" in the GDR. And so young East Berliners flocked to concerts in the West, such as for the legendary performance by Louis Armstrong in West Berlin's Sportpalast in 1955. That didn't please the East German regime at all. After all, it wanted to convince young people to embrace its ideals.
Image: Heritage-Images/picture alliance
Relenting to popular demand
Racist East German authorities denigrated jazz as "imperialist monkey culture," but at some point they realized they could not hinder its growing popularity. They finally invited Armstrong to the GDR in the mid-1960s. He was the first US star to make a guest appearance there. By then, the Wall had already been standing for three and a half years, and it was the height of the Cold War.
Image: akg-images/picture-alliance
A cultural landmark
In East Berlin, Clärchens Ballhaus — named after original co-owner Clara Bühler — was a popular dance hall and meeting space for East and West Germans alike. Founded around 1900, it remained privately owned throughout the GDR era. The legendary Berlin pub has survived two World Wars and the division of Germany. It remains a popular attraction in Berlin.
Image: Rolf Zöllner/imago images
The House of Electronic Equipment
West Berliners didn't just go to the city's eastern parts to dance the night away, but also to shop. In addition to books, photography equipment and paper were in high demand, and were available at low prices at the Haus der Elektroindustrie on Alexanderplatz.
Image: Thomas Bartilla/akg-images/picture-alliance
Heading East for a haircut
Services were also cheaper in the East, and this included visits to hair salons. Many West Berliners therefore headed to the eastern part of the city for chic new haircuts. The price was about 1.10 East German Marks, the equivalent of 25 West German pfennigs. In the West, one had to fork out up to 4 West German Marks for a similar cut.
Image: akg-images/picture alliance
Soaking up the culture
West Berliners who were into opera, theater, and museums, visited places like the Distel cabaret theater or the Berlin State Opera during trips to East Berlin. Most of the artists there were originally from West Berlin. But when the Wall was built in 1961, they had to give up their work at the State Opera. Many positions remained vacant due to the lack of personnel.
Image: imago images/Stana
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Thuringia premier: 'The wall tore apart families and friendships'
In addition to the death it caused, the Berlin Wall seperated German families and friends.
"The wall tore apart families and friendships, it uprooted people and led to an incredible amount of suffering," Thuringia Premier Bodo Ramelow said Sunday. The state of Thuringia was formerly a part of the GDR.
Ramelow said he was keeping in mind those "whose striving for freedom led to being spied on, persecution and exclusion or imprisonment."
On November 9, 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall ultimately led to German reunification, with the event also symbolizing the end of the Cold War.
wd/jcg (epd, dpa)
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