At the UN climate conference in Bonn, an alliance of 20 countries pledged to rapidly phase out coal in the coming years. Germany has not joined the group — although the reasons for abandoning coal seem to be oiling up.
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The dirty fossil fuel coal provides 40 percent of global electricity. At the UN climate conference in Bonn, Canada and the UK unveiled the Powering Past Coal Alliance, which is committed to moving from coal to clean energies by 2030. It is expected that the international community will grow to 50 members by the next climate summit in Poland in 2018.
Ending coal use would be a great step forward for the achievement of the climate goals set in the Paris climate accord. There is growing skepticism over coal as an energy source, especially as air pollution resulting from coal burning leads to 800,000 deaths a year.
Germany under pressure on coal
Germany, however, has not joined the burgeoning anti-coal alliance. "We were asked whether we want to participate. I have asked for understanding that we cannot decide this ahead of the next government," said Barbara Hendricks, Germany's outgoing environment minister. "The initiative, however, will keep us up to speed about what's happening," she added as to the Powering Past Coal Alliance.
In the meantime, Germany's coalition talks between would-be government partners stalled in part over carbon reduction targets for 2020. At the moment, Germany emits around 906 million tons of CO2 each year; a limit of 750 has been set for 2020. This amounts to a 17 percent reduction. Experts agree that among the easiest ways to achieve this is to cut back on coal-fired power.
Coal phase-out proposal
The German Environment Agency (UBA) has published a technical paper outlining how Germany can cheaply and effectively reduce coal-fired energy in order to meet its climate targets.
Coal power plants older than 20 years would only be allowed to produce restricted amounts of energy, while the oldest and least-efficient coal power plants will be shut down altogether. This applied to plants with a capacity of at least 5 gigawatts.
Climate savior or sinner - how green is Germany's energy production?
While Germany struggles to reach its emission goals, coal continues to generate around 40% of the country’s electricity. Instagramer @thomas_k explores his home country's biggest climate sin, and examines some solutions.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Addicted to coal
The future looks bright for Germany’s biggest surface coal mine. Even as the country introduces climate protection measures and switches to renewable energy sources, its dependence on coal-fueled power plants is unabated. Continued reliance on coal means Germany is unlikely to meet its 2020 emission goals. That's not good for the environment, but the view from the Hambach mine remains impressive.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Stripping the earth
The Hambach surface mine stretches seemingly endless into the horizon. Located west of Cologne, it is Germany’s largest surface mine at 4,300 hectares - and expanding. Despite efforts to use more renewable energy sources, Germany’s industry still relies on the cheap brown coal to supply 40% of its energy needs.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Disappearing villages
It won’t be long before the village of Manheim disappears. The nearby Hambach mine is expanding and will soon engulf the houses. Already many of the residents in the 1,000 year-old village have abandoned their homes. Since 1989 four similar villages have been razed to make room for the brown surface mine.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
No alternative
By 2020 the diggers will have reached the village. Until then, workers will tear down the remaining houses and the residents will relocate. Kurt Rüttgers, one about 500 remaining residents and owner of the local pub, has watched the town fade and disappear: “Since my childhood I have known Manheim would disappear one day. It’s sad, but there seems to be no alternative to coal mining right now.”
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Investing in renewable energy
Elsewhere in Germany, companies have made the switch to renewable energy sources. Soaring 109 meters above the surrounding fields, these wind turbines located about an hour from Berlin’s city center, provide emissions-free energy for the capital.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Harvesting the wind
Some 27,000 wind turbines have sprouted up across the country in the last decade. Although animal rights activists argue the giant propellers cause harm to birds and some people complain the towers are an eyesore in the landscape, the turbines are Germany’s biggest source of renewable energy. Until recently, the government heavily subsidized wind parks.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
Could housing save the climate?
For some Germans saving the climate starts at home. Years ago artist Priska Wollein decided to build her atelier near Berlin as a passive energy house to reduce her carbon footprint. Built mostly out of wood, it’s heated by geothermal energy and the ventilation is specifically modified to keep warmth inside.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
The home of the future
What if a house didn’t just reduce its energy consumption, but rather generates more of it? That’s one of the proposals the German housing industry has come up with in response to new building regulations on energy efficiency. Referred to as the energy plus house, the new model of home is designed to produce its own energy primarily through solar power.
Image: DW/Thomas Kakareko
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According to calculations made by the UBA experts, both measures are the quickest and most cost-effective means of meeting Germany's carbon reduction targets for 2020.
At the same time, the UBA's paper emphasizes that the proposed measures will still guarantee supply reliability in Germany. However, wind and solar power would have to be developed much faster than previously planned: Expansion would have to double, at the least.
Coal phase-out to save money
According to the UBA, a coal phase-out in Germany could also save considerable money. If well over half of coal-fired power were to be reduced by 2030, environmental costs of more than 23 billion euros in 2030 alone would be saved when compared to now, the paper says.
If health and material damages were taken into account into the cost of coal electricity, this would increase the price per kilowatt hour by 16 to 19 cents, says the UBA.
Compared with wind and solar, including these "external factors" would only increase that cost by 2 cents.
With external costs factored in, electricity from new wind and solar power plants is at least three times cheaper than that from coal-fired power plants, the paper concludes.
Germans largely favor a phase-out
According to a recent survey conducted by the opinion research institute Emnid, approval for a coal phase-out in Germany is growing. The study shows that 76 percent of those surveyed want to phase out coal in Germany in order to achieve the national climate targets.
Particularly interesting about the survey is that Germans have similar opinions, regardless of political leanings. Green voters have shown the most support for a gradual coal phase-out (99 percent), followed by Social Democrat (SPD) supporters (81 percent), and conservative Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) with 75 percent.
Even among right-populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) voters, 70 percent also agree with phasing out coal.
That survey was commissioned by left-leaning international citizen's movement Avaaz.
Germany's leading tabloid, Bild, also hired Emnid conduct a similar survey at the beginning of November. At that time, 69 percent of those surveyed prioritized environmental and climate protection over economic interests.
Anti-coal demo in Bonn
Thousands of people in the western German city of Bonn have demonstrated against the dirty fossil fuel coal. DW asked protesters about their personal motivation to march.
Image: DW/K. Wecker
Never too late
"If we don’t try to save the world, then nothing will happen. We are against everything that is bad for the climate," says 80-year-old Helga.
Image: DW/K. Wecker
Where climate change is already reality
"We want to make sure that our voices as people of the Pacific who are on the frontline of climate change are being heard on frontline actions like this ones," says Josephzane from the Pacific Climate Warriors.
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Energy transition
"Coal is not so cheap, it’s just heavily subsidized and the follow-up costs for air pollution and climate change are not included. If you consider it from a strict economic point of view, wind and solar energy are the cheapest energy sources," says Johannes. He should know: He is a service engineer for wind power stations.
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For the children's future
The whole family is at the demo. "I’m protesting because I think the energy transition has to be more radical, otherwise we won’t achieve the climate protection goals," says father Gregor and mother Tini adds: "It’s extremely important for our children, we have to stand up for the environment, the climate, so we don’t destroy their future."
Image: DW/K. Wecker
Greed over climate protection
"The climate is not ok because profit always comes first. It’s for the government now to change how we generate power. But profit is always more important to the powerful and this is why we are here to demand a change," say the parents of this little fella from Belgium.
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Powerful youth
"I’m walking in the protest because I want people to take action, especially the youth, and increase their handprint - because handprint symbolizes climate action - and decrease their carbon footprint. It’s important the youth gets active. The future generation will be affected by climate change more and the responsibility is on us," says Booja.
Image: DW/K. Wecker
Everyone can take action
"We think it’s incredibly important to be the change in the world you want to see. Everybody can do something for the climate, even individuals. It starts with small decisions when you go shopping or march in protests," says Eva.