Employees have brought Germany's two biggest container hubs to a standstill, with workers at a third port set to join them. The union Verdi hopes to put pressure on port operators in collective bargaining over wages.
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Workers at the Port of Hamburg stopped work early on Tuesday, with their colleagues at Bremen-Bremerhaven taking the same action several hours later.
The trade union Verdi wants to force employers to make further concessions in pay talks with the Central Association of German Seaport Operators (ZDS).
What do we know about the strikes?
The union has called on workers in Hamburg to stage all-day walkouts on Tuesday and Wednesday ahead of a fourth round of negotiations. Negotiations for a new collective agreement for the 11,500 German North Sea port employees began in May.
The strike in Hamburg started at 6:30 a.m. local time and was set to run for 48 hours.
Employees at the commercial ports of Bremen and Bremerhaven joined the walkout on Tuesday afternoon for 24 hours, with Germany's westernmost seaport, Emden, set to come to a standstill for a day on Wednesday.
The purpose of warning strikes, which can be staged without a ballot of union members, is to force collective bargaining in deadlocked or unproductive negotiations.
What is the union saying?
Verdi says the employers have "so far only presented an inadequate offer."
The union has demanded "significantly better wages, especially for the lower pay groups," with an hourly wage increase of €3 ($3.2) plus a shift allowance increase for working unsocial hours.
It says the increases are vital for workers at the lower end of the pay spectrum.
10 reasons to love Hamburg
In Hamburg, "Große Freiheit" — or great freedom — is more than merely the name of a road. It is a unique approach to life. A city with maritime flair and plenty of opportunities to go out.
Like the gigantic bow of a ship, the Elbe Philharmonic Hall sails into the skyline. Built on top of a former red brick warehouse for cocoa, the glass construction rises 110 meters (360 feet) into the sky. The concert house opened in January 2017.
Image: Markus Scholz/dpa/picture alliance
A lot of storage room
In 1888, German Emperor Wilhelm II opened the "Speicherstadt" (the warehouse district). Hamburg had already established itself as a free port, where storage and transfer of goods was duty free. As a result, it became one of the biggest storage districts in the world. The Speicherstadt was granted World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2015.
Image: Maximilian Koch/picture alliance
Miniature Wonderland
In the Speicherstadt district, you can also find the Miniature Wonderland, the largest model railway system in the world. Here, visitors can travel from Hamburg to Patagonia in miniature form. 1,166 trains travel on 16,491 meters of tracks on an area of more than 1,600 square meters. There are even planes that start and land, and cruise ships travelling on water.
Image: Markus Scholz/dpa/picture alliance
Everything in sight
Hamburg is redefining itself with its HafenCity, Europe's biggest urban regeneration project. When finished in 2025, it is to be home to 10,000 people. From the ViewPoint in the Baakenhafen, the development can be observed in a 360-degree panorama. The design of the orange steel tower was inspired by the dock cranes and was conceived to offer the panoramic view of a nautical periscope.
Image: Hauke-Christian Dittrich/picture alliance
Michel
The baroque St. Michael's Church, colloquially known as "Michel", offers another perfect view of the city. The church is a landmark building and can also be explored using an app. Prominent points like the tower or the crypt have been equipped with transmitters that react to the app and provides information.
Image: Thomas Lammeyer/imageBROKER/picture alliance
Going underground
The Old Elbe Tunnel was the first river tunnel in continental Europe. It reduced travel time from the city to the shipyards on the southern shores of the Elbe River. Since 1911, lifts have taken pedestrians, cars and cyclists down to the bottom, where two 426-meter-long (1,398-foot) tunnels run. For pedestrians and cyclists, it costs nothing to use — other than the price of overcoming their fear.
Image: Soeren Stache/dpa/picture alliance
Swan Song
In Hamburg, the messengers of spring are the city's very own swans, hundreds of them. The city council boasts a "swan office" called the "Schwanenwesen" — the only global authority that employs a "swan father," it oversees the white birds' return after the winter. By taking ownership of swans, normally an exclusive privilege of royals, Hamburg proved its independence as a free Hanseatic city.
Image: Daniel Bockwoldt/dpa/picture alliance
Going with the flow
Boats sail night and day on the Elbe River to the harbor. Their fog horns and the sound of the seagulls create the soundtrack to any early morning run on the pale sand of the shore. The port of Hamburg is 70 nautical miles away from the open sea. This popular sandy beach along the Elbe river is located in Ovelgönne in the Othmarschen district (image).
Image: Petra Schumacher/HAFEN-FOTOS/picture alliance
Tower tango
These days, office blocks do the dancing on the Reeperbahn. The architect of these two office towers with a kink designed them as a couple dancing tango, a tribute to the red light district where they are located. There is a restaurant and a bar on the top floor and the roof terrace offers a fabulous view of the harbor, especially at night.
Image: Bildagentur-online/Joko/picture alliance
'Big Freedom'
Sailors have spent entire wages in just one night in the Große Freiheit, a side street to the famous Reeperbahn. The St. Pauli district is filled with bars, clubs and a variety of fun and games. Artists and musicians discovered the charm of the seedy area in the 1960s. For the Beatles, playing at the legendary Star-Club became a warm-up exercise for their subsequent global success.
"In the third round of negotiations, we were still far apart," said Verdi negotiator Maren Ulbrich. "The offer presented by the employers is not acceptable to us. The employers still have to make some progress, particularly on the wage increases offered."
Ulbrich said the wage increase was increasingly necessary in light of rising inflation in recent years.
"It is important that the lower wage groups in particular are given financial relief through the wage increases. Inflation in recent years has hit them particularly hard. In addition, the wage differences between the various groups must be reduced. And there must also be an increase in real wages in the upper wage groups."
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What are the employers saying?
ZDS said that discussions so far had been "intense but constructive" and that it did not believe the strikes were warranted.
"The right to strike is enshrined in Germany's constitution. However, when exercising the right to strike, moderation and balance should be maintained"
"In light of the constructive rounds of negotiations to date and the fair offer presented, the ZDS believes there is currently no reason for warning strikes that would compromise the reliability of German seaports."
Warning strikes also took place at ports in June. The latest strikes come ahead of talks on Thursday and Friday of this week in Bremen.
Material from German news agency dpa contributed to this article
Edited by: Wesley Dockery
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