In 2019, Disney caused a stir when it revealed that its live-action remake of its hit animated feature "The Little Mermaid" would star a young Black woman in the title role.

As the film releases in Germany on May 25 and in the US on May 26, reviewers have had high praise for the actress, Halle Bailey, who plays the titular character, predicting the launch of a stellar career for her. But there's been less enthusiasm about the way the film has ended up looking, with some critics questioning the impulse to reinterpret beloved animated classics in a combination of live-action and CGI.

A century of unforgettable characters

The American illustrator and visionary Walt Disney created unforgettable characters, from Mickey Mouse to Donald Duck.

The founding moment for Disney's entertainment empire was October 16, 1923, the day he sold 12 films, including "Alice's Wonderland," to the New York film distribution company M.J. Winkler.

The deal kicked off a century of blockbuster success for the Disney brand.

Since then, Disney has grown from a movie production company to a multimedia entertainment conglomerate with its own streaming platform and numerous subsidiary companies.

This live-action remake of "The Little Mermaid" is being released to mark the company's 100th anniversary. However, the road to the film's release has been bumpy.

Racism over casting decisions

In the original Disney animated movie from 1989, the lead character, Ariel, is thin with pale skin and flowing auburn hair.

The film, whose story is based on the 1837 fairy tale of "The Little Mermaid" by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen, was a gold mine for the studio when it was released after a long dry spell.

It won two Golden Globes, a Grammy and two Academy Awards in the categories of best score and best song with "Under the Sea" and prefaced a Disney boom in the 1990s with animated hits such as "Beauty and the Beast" (1991), "Aladdin" (1992), "The Lion King" (1994) and "Pocahontas" (1995).

But in 2019, when Disney announced that Black actress and singer Halle Bailey would play Ariel, not everyone was happy about it.

Under the hashtag #NotMyAriel, people petitioned against the casting decision with racist insults. Many fans of the original Disney film could not imagine an actor in the role who did not look exactly like the animated Ariel of 1989.

Disney staunchly defended its decision to cast Bailey. In a Twitter statement via the Disney-owned cable network, Freeform, it wrote: "The original author of 'The Little Mermaid' was Danish. Ariel … is a mermaid. … But for the sake of argument, let's say that Ariel, too, is Danish. Danish mermaids can be Black because Danish *people* can be Black."

The company praised Bailey's outstanding talents and suggested that not being able to get past the fact that she "doesn't look like the cartoon one" is racist.

Is racism a thing of the past at Disney?

In the 1941 Disney movie "Dumbo," a group of crows sit on a branch, one of them smoking a cigar. They laugh, dance, sing and make fun of Dumbo, a little elephant with big ears, who sits nearby, offended.

The leader of the crows is Jim Crow — which was also the stage name of 19th century comedian Thomas D. Rice, who rose to fame performing blackface in his minstrel show. Jim Crow also refers to the name of the segregation laws in the south United States. 

In recent years, Disney has acknowledged that this scene in the film classic was offensive, as it was reminiscent of racist minstrel shows in which white performers with blackened faces and tattered clothing imitated and mocked enslaved Africans on the plantations of the southern states. The film includes other cynical portrayals of Black people in the US that trivialize the history of slavery.

These days, Disney has addressed the problem by issuing warnings before older movies, including "Dumbo," "Peter Pan" and "Aristocats."

They include the words: "This program includes negative depictions and/or mistreatment of people or cultures. These stereotypes were wrong then and are wrong now." 

Such insertions are intended to stimulate discussions that will help create an inclusive future free of discrimination, the corporation has said. But is a notice at the beginning of a film enough?

Cultural appropriation, then and now

Cultural appropriation is when components of one culture, such as intellectual property, cultural expressions, artifacts, history or types of knowledge are used by members of another culture, especially for capital gain.

Disney's filmography includes several examples where elements of a particular culture have been taken and altered for entertainment purposes. For example, the film "Pocahontas" has little in common with the original story: Disney turned a 10-year-old girl into an attractive, lightly dressed woman who falls in love with John Smith, an English adventurer and colonialist.

Disney has acknowledged these mistakes over time. The corporation is now increasingly trying to tell authentic stories and to talk and collaborate with people from other cultures. Disney founded the "Stories Matter" platform in 2019 to discuss its new approach to filmmaking, but also its past mistakes.

Disney films and the sexism accusation

Many Disney classics are also problematic from a feminist point of view. Ariel, in particular, does not come off well in this regard, as she throws herself into the arms of a prince she hardly knows — barely escaping her strict, patriarchal father. She gives up not only her origins, but her voice for the prince.

But in recent years, Disney has also changed this approach.

New heroines have been allowed to experience their adventures without an ultimate goal of finding a prince, such as in the movie "Moana" or challenge traditional notions of romantic love, as in "Frozen."

Since the 2010s, there have also been homosexual characters, as in "Strange World" from 2022, which features a gay romance, even if it was criticized by some in the LGTBQ+ community.

The problems of society as a whole, such as racism, sexism and homophobia, can only be tackled by first telling more diverse stories.

And regardless of what film critics say about this latest version of "The Little Mermaid," many little girls around the world will be thrilled to see a Disney princess who looks like them — and many others who will love her no matter what she looks like.

This article was originally written and published in German on February 21, 2023. It has been updated to reflect recent developments.