Israel is facing a deepening debate over military conscription as growing numbers of Israelis question long-standing exemptions for ultra-Orthodox men, many of whom study the Torah instead of serving in the army.

Critics say the system places an unequal burden on other families, while ultra-Orthodox leaders argue military service threatens their religious way of life.

With demographic shifts, political turmoil and elections approaching, the dispute has become a major issue that could shape Israel's security, society and economy for decades.