A booster rocket intended for America's journey to Mars around 2030 has been test-fired successfully in Utah, according to NASA. Data gained will be used to prepare the launch of an unmanned test flight in 2018.
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The US space agency said Tuesday its rocket firing to check its propellant behavior in cool conditions had demonstrated "real progress" toward developing its new Space Launch System (SLS) for deep space missions.
Tuesday's firing was the "final qualification test" for the booster, NASA said.
The booster was ignited lying on its side with the ambient ground temperatures at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 degrees Celcius) at the Utah facility of Orbital ATK, a NASA contractor.
A similar test in March last year began at 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32.2 Celsius) and delivered "acceptable performance," said NASA Tuesday, recapping its evaluation series.
Test flight due in 2018
SLS program manager John Honeycutt said hardware for the booster was "currently in production for every part of the rocket."
"NASA is also making progress every day on Orion and the ground systems to support a launch from Kennedy Space Center in Florida," he said.
The first uncrewed test flight of the SLS coupled to NASA's new Orion spacecraft is due in late 2018 and will send the vehicle in the vicinity of the moon.
NASA plans a first manned Orion flight by 2023. A first trip to Mars is scheduled for the 2030s.
Tons per second
When upright, each SLS booster rocket stands at 54 meters and burns 5.5 tons of propellant per second.
Two boosters coupled with four main engines are to be fitted to NASA's Orion. The boosters will burn for the first two minutes of flight, generating more than 75 percent of the thrust so the Orion can escape Earth's gravitational pull.
The initial configuration should be able to lift 70 metric tons. For more ambitious missions, a 105-ton lift capacity is planned.
Last Friday, a rocket of the Atlas series lifted off from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, putting a US Navy communications satellite into orbit.
Atlas' maker United Launch Alliance had grounded its fleet in March because of a fuel-valve problem during a cargo delivery flight to the ISS space station.
Crops grow on Mars-like soil
Dutch scientists said last week that that soil similar to that expected to be encountered on Mars had produced abundant crops of radishes, peas, rye and tomatoes.
To survive beyond their transported rations, future Mars settlers will have to plant crops.
"These remarkable results are very promising," said senior ecologist Wieger Wamelink of the Wageningen University in the Netherlands.
Similar destination-Mars projects are also being pursued by US billionaire Elon Musk and the Dutch company Mars One, aimed at setting up human settlements on the Red Planet.
Meet the planets
The first close-ups of Pluto awed the world this week. A couple of decades ago, photos of Venus or Saturn taken from space had a similar effect on scientists. Join DW on an interplanetary photo safari!
Image: Reuters/NASA/APL/SwRI/Handout
Our solar system
Depending on who you ask, there are eight or nine planets in our solar system - some experts still count Pluto, while the International Astronomical Union (IAU) took away its planetary status in 2006. People were still excited when NASA presented the first high-res images of Pluto this week. Its neighbors all had their portrait taken as early as the 1960s.
Mercury
The spacecraft Mariner 10 left for the planet closest to the Sun in 1973. It took this picture of Mercury's moon-like surface in March 1974. The planet's distance to the Sun varies between 28.5 million miles (46 kilometers) and 43.5 million miles (70 kilometers), because its orbit isn't a perfect circle. Scientists were surprised to discover that Mercury had a small magnetic field.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Nasa
Venus
Mariner 10 took this first close-up of Mercury's direct neighbor on February 5, 1974. The picture was color-enhanced by NASA to bring out Venus' cloudy atmosphere - the planet is perpetually blanketed by a thick veil of clouds rich in carbon dioxide. Mariner 10's journey to Venus was a rocky one: the spacecraft's high-gain antenna developed problems and a mechanical issue caused a large fuel-loss.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Nasa
Earth
The first full-on photo of our planet as seen from outer space was taken by Lunar Orbiter 1 in August 1966. That was three years before a human being had ever set foot on the Moon, which can be seen in the foreground of this picture as a shadow. The now-iconic photo was one of a series of pictures taken in preparation for the Apollo missions that would eventually put a human on the Moon.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Nasa/Loirp
Mars
This close-up of Earth's neighbor is the first picture ever taken of another planet by a spacecraft. Mariner 4 snapped it on July 15, 1965. Scientists who had expected to see lakes, valleys and mountains were disappointed - instead of an Earth-like planet, they were treated to craters similar to those on the Moon. The New York Times wrote: "Mars is probably a dead planet."
Image: picture-alliance/dpa
Jupiter
Spacecraft Pioneer 10 took the planet's first close-up from roughly 80,780 miles (130,000 kilometers) away on November 19, 1973. Jupiter is our solar system's largest planet. At its equator, Jupiter's diameter is a whopping 88,846 miles (142,984 kilometers). Its mass is two-and-a-half times larger than the masses of all other planets combined.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/UPI
Saturn
This first shot of the ringed planet was taken on Pioneer 10's follow-up mission, Pioneer 11, on August 31, 1979. It was a perilous adventure: as the spacecraft flew through Saturn's outer rings, it almost crashed into one of two new moons it discovered. Visible at the upper left-hand corner in this photo is Saturn's moon Titan.
One of the first glimpses scientists got of Uranus was of its rings. Voyager 2 took this shot of them in 1986. Scientists had to remote-fix the spacecraft's camera for it to be able to photograph the planet with the coldest atmosphere in our solar system (as low as -366 degrees Fahrenheit or -221 degrees Celsius). The device had malfunctioned while Voyager 2 was passing Saturn.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/Consolidated
Neptune
Voyager 2 also took the first picture of Neptune in August 1989. The planet has four cloud features that scientists know about. For those who don't count Pluto, Neptune is the planet in our solar system that's furthest away from the sun: at an average of 2.8 billion miles (4.5 billion kilometers), that distance is 30 times greater than the one between the Sun and Earth.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa
Pluto
The fact that Pluto is not officially a planet anymore didn't detract from the excitement scientists and lay-people all over the world experienced when NASA released this first close-up of the copper-colored (dwarf-) planet taken by New Horizons on July 13, 2015. The spacecraft traveled 3 billion miles (4.88 billion kilometers) to the solar system's farthest reaches for this shot.