Turkey's membership of NATO is not in question following the recent failed coup, the alliance has said. Ankara meanwhile said that its aim of boosting defense industry cooperation with Russia is not a step against NATO.
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"Turkey's NATO membership is not in question," NATO spokeswoman Oana Lungescu said in a statement issued on Wednesday in response to what she called "speculative press reports."
"NATO counts on the continued contributions of Turkey, and Turkey can count on the solidarity and support of NATO," Lungescu said.
The Saint Petersburg visit was Erdogan's first reconciliatory meeting with Putin since the downing of a Russian jet by Turkey last fall. The defense industry was named as one of several sectors where Ankara intended to return Turkish-Russian ties to pre-crisis levels.
Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu, meanwhile, was quick to reassure NATO on Wednesday that Turkey's aim of boosting defense industry cooperation with Russia should not be interpreted as a step against NATO.
The Turkish pilots who shot down a Russian jet last November were in custody, the minister added. They were being detained for their alleged links to the coup plot and not the shooting incident itself, he said.
Turkey has the second-largest standing army in NATO after the US and is seen as a key actor in facing the conflict and upheaval in the Middle East.
Erdogan pledges new Turkey
After three weeks of daily pro-Erdogan rallies, 80 cities held final demonstrations on Sunday as the nation faces ongoing purges and a divided populace. Diego Cupolo reports from Ankara.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Call to the streets
During last month’s coup attempt, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan called on supporters to help defeat military personnel trying to overthrow his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). Having thwarted the attempt and crediting much his success to loyalists who filled the street, Erdogan has since asked followers to come out for nightly "Democracy Watch" rallies.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Once repressed, now empowered
On Sunday, the final rallies were held, with a crowd of 2 million in Istanbul and about 10,000 in Ankara. Nearly 80 cities hosted demonstrations in support of Erdogan’s AKP, which is Turkey’s first party with Islamic leanings to survive a military coup. Supporters viewed the victory as a triumph over the republic’s cyclical coups and secular constitution.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Optimism about a new Turkey
Speaking from Istanbul, Erdogan promised to "rebuild Turkey from scratch" and the mood was optimistic among supporters. Lale Alici, (not pictured) an Ankara-based real estate agent who has attended every rally since the coup attempt, said: "When the purges are finished, Turkey will accelerate its development because those who infiltrated our government will no longer be a burden on our country."
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
'We will be a big power'
Atalay, (not pictured) an interior designer who didn’t give his full name, said he supported Erdogan because he’s bringing Turkey to the world stage. "Erdogan’s telling the world we’re here and we’ll be a big power," he said. "Even if you don’t like it, you’ll have to accept it. The world’s bigger than the [seven countries in the G7.]"
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Exclusion of HDP
Though many attending Sunday’s rallies said they were defending democracy, opponents noted the country’s third-largest political party, the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP), was not allowed at the events. "As a Kurd, I can’t go to these rallies because I don’t feel safe," said Havva Ozcan, (not pictured) co-chair of Tuhad-Fed, a prisoners' rights organization. "Not everyone’s welcome."
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
'Temporary socialism'
Ozcan also said the rallies received full government support, while other forms of protest have been largely banned. Attendees were not only given free water and food, but the entire public transportation systems in Ankara and Istanbul have been free over the last three weeks to encourage mass mobilization."We are seeing a temporary socialism in Turkey," Ozcan said.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Social media surge
Normally blocked during national emergencies, social media has taken on a prominent place since the coup attempt. From Erdogan’s FaceTime speech to Periscope videos portraying violence against civilians, opponents complained the government allowed uninterrupted access to social media sites only because they proved advantageous. Turkish service providers also gave customers free data packages.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Empty bars
Local businesses have also been hit hard, with some bars in the central Ankara seeing fewer customers since the rallies began. "Business has been affected, of course, but this about much more than business," said Can, a bar manager in Kizilay who only gave his first name. "These rallies are a sign that worse things will come soon."
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
'This is training'
Some have viewed the rallies as a way for the AKP to strengthen its support base. Speaking on condition of anonymity, Mohammed, a Syrian refugee who witnessed the Egyptian coup and is now living in Turkey, said the rallies were "training for Erdogan’s followers" and that "soon he may ask them to organize against another movement he doesn’t like."
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
Renaming public spaces
From Ankara’s Kizilay Square (pictured above after the coup night) to Istanbul’s Bosporus Bridge, prominent sites throughout Turkey have been renamed to honor those who lost their lives during the coup attempt. Now people travelling from the European side of Istanbul to the Asian side will cross the "The Martyrs' of July 15th" bridge.
Image: DW/D. Cupolo
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Not very neighborly
Relations between Ankara and Brussels have, however, been strained in recent months, and in particular since July's failed coup.
Erdogan has criticized the US and EU for not showing more support in the aftermath of the coup.
Turkey went so far as to accuse the EU on Wednesday of "encouraging" the plotters on the night of the July 15 coup.
Cavusoglu said "Turkish people's confidence in the EU had unfortunately fallen in the wake of the coup," adding that the bloc had "failed a test" on the night of the putsch.
"Let me say openly, this is because the EU adopted a favorable position to the coup [and] encouraged the putschists," the minister told reporters during a televised briefing in Ankara. "Support for EU membership used to be around 50 percent of the population; I assume it is around 20 percent now."
Ankara previously expressed astonishment that no EU official had visited Turkey in the wake of the coup.
Lungescu, meanwhile, said NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg had telephoned Erdogan in the immediate aftermath and had "strongly condemned the attempted coup and reiterated full support for Turkey's democratic institutions."
"He expressed support for the elected government of Turkey and respect for the courage of the Turkish people," she noted. "He also conveyed his condolences for those who had lost their lives during the coup attempt."
Ankara said last week that US Secretary of State John Kerry would visit on August 24, the first visit by a top Western dignitary since the July 15 attempted coup.