After this week's NATO summit in Ankara, several key questions remain: Which signals were sent to the Kremlin, and what should Europe prepare for during the next couple of years?

Former US Army Europe commander Ben Hodges tells DW NATO should focus on readiness, deterrence and preparing for a long-term confrontation with Russia.

He also shares his insights on Iran, on Turkey's possible return to the F-35 program, and the future of the transatlantic alliance.