The agreement, reached during the night of Wednesday, May 28, outlaws the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of cluster bombs. It also entails a commitment to remove cluster bombs from national arsenals within eight years and to provide for the welfare of the victims of cluster bombs.

The anti-cluster-bomb convention was the result of nearly two weeks of diplomatic wrangling in the Irish capital, Dublin. Under pressure from NATO countries, the text includes a concession to the US and other countries which want to continue to use and produce such munitions by allowing military cooperation between signatories and non-signatories.

The 111 states are expected to approve the draft text on Friday, the final day of the conference. It will be signed in December in Oslo.

The main producers and users of cluster bombs -- the United States, Israel, China, Russia, India and Pakistan -- did not attend the conference and said they would not support the convention. Thus, it is unclear what effect it will have once it comes into power.

Danger to children especially

The most recent reported use of cluster bombs was during the July-August 2006 Israeli incursion into Lebanon. Israel was heavily criticized for dropping such munitions in civilian areas.

Cluster bombs drop hundreds of tennis-ball-sized smaller explosives, known as "bomblets," which then scatter and detonate across the battlefield. Many bomblets fail to explode for years, posing a threat to civilians, especially children who often mistake them for toys.

The death toll ranges into the tens of thousands of civilians killed, blinded or otherwise maimed by the weapons. According to UN estimates, they continue to present a lethal threat in more than 30 countries.

Obligations to NATO

British Prime Minister Gordon Brown welcomed the Dublin agreement and spoke of a "huge stride forward" in making the world safer.

Britain had helped move the talks forward with London's pledge to demobilize cluster bombs against the will of its military leadership.

The breakthrough was possible, diplomats said, after participants agreed to accept one of the United States' main demands, pushed through with backing from NATO countries, including Germany.

The special rule will allow nations which sign the anti-cluster-bomb convention to participate in common military missions with the US and other countries that continue to use the bombs.

But the concession may not be sufficient to allow NATO countries to live up to their obligations. German Defense Minister Franz-Josef Jung told parliamentarians there would not be enough alternative munitions until 2015, the daily Berliner Zeitung reported.

US defends use

Despite the compromise, the draft convention was greeted by the Cluster Munition Coalition as a very strong step. CMC includes 200 civil society and professional organizations working for the cluster bomb ban.

Human Rights Watch, quoting expert analysts, said the treaty would require the US to remove its stockpiles of cluster bombs at several military bases around the world.

The United States last week defended further use of cluster bombs, saying they remained tactically useful for fending off advancing armies and were being redesigned with electronic timers to ensure the bomblets either exploded as intended or self-destructed.

"We think this kind of blanket ban is a mistake," said Stephen Mull, the US State Department's top official for political and military affairs.

The United States last used the weapons during the 2003 invasion of Iraq but hasn't employed them since then, Mull said, because cluster bombs have few applications against insurgencies. Cluster bombs can be militarily effective against massed troop formations.