Judicial Reforms

In its decision to trigger Article 7 against Poland, the European Commission cited thirteen judicial reform laws that have been adopted by the country's ruling conservative Law and Justice party (PiS). The Polish government insists the measures are needed to overhaul the judicial system and combat corruption. Brussels, however, says the reforms threaten rule of law in the country.

Here are a few of the branches of Poland's judiciary that are affected:

Judge-appointing council:

• Poland's National Council for the Judiciary is tasked with safeguarding the independence of the country's courts and appoints judges
• Out of the 25 members who comprise the council, 15 of them were judges who were nominated by the courts
• The new laws end the terms of the council's 15 judges and stipulates that parliament will elect their replacements

Supreme Court:

• Two new chambers will be created in Poland's Supreme Court that will be above all other chambers, staffed with newly-appointed judges
• Old cases will be allowed to be reopened
• Retirement age for Supreme Court judges will be lowered to 65, removing several from office
• President is given the power to extend individual judges beyond retirement age

Poland's ordinary courts:

• Justice minister has more power to name judges for ordinary courts and will be able to more easily dismiss judges
• New laws change procedures for becoming a judge or prosecutor

Concerns over Constitutional Tribunal:

• Following the October 2015 elections in Poland, the PiS-dominated parliament amended the law on the Constitutional Tribunal
• The move enabled them to annul the nominations of judges made by the previous parliament and appoint their own judges
• The law change shortened the terms of the tribunal's president and vice-president from nine to three years
• The tribunal ruled the move unconstitutional, but the dispute remains unresolved

While the controversial judicial reforms have been a central issue of disagreement between Warsaw and Brussels, concern has also been raised in the following areas:

Media law

The PiS-led government has clashed with Brussels over a controversial media law that it enacted in early 2016.

The law allows the government to hire and fire ministers in charge of state news organizations, including public TV, radio and civil service directors. Previously, that role belonged to a media supervisory committee. EU officials, media organizations and media watchdogs have condemned the law.

Migration

Poland has also refused to take in asylum-seekers under an EU-wide quota system. The relocation scheme was meant to alleviate fellow EU-member states Italy and Greece, who have been overwhelmed by asylum-seekers arriving from the Middle East and Africa.

So far, only 35,000 asylum-seekers out of 160,000 people have been transferred under the 2015 plan. The EU has sued Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic over their low refugee intake.

Logging in protected forest

Warsaw's decision to carry out large-scale logging in the ancient Bialowieza forest — Europe's last primeval woodland — has also sparked tensions with the EU. The government says logging is necessary to keep the woods healthy, but environmental groups and Brussels say the move violates wildlife protection laws.

Poland's new prime minister, Mateusz Morawiecki, appeared to soften the government stance on the Bialowieza forest. He said in December that Poland will respect an EU court decision to halt logging in the forest.