A place of study and contemplation, a resting and meeting place: libraries have existed for over 4,000 years. As Germany celebrates National Library Day, we explore some of the most spectacular libraries on the planet.
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The world's most breathtaking libraries
On Libraries Day, we showcase some of the world's most impressive spaces for reading and losing ourselves in literature of all sorts.
Image: Weber/Eibner-Pressefoto/picture alliance
Designing for community
The Central Library Oodi in Helsinki is a designer lover's dream. The architecture of the three-story building highlights Finland's natural world, with a wood-clad exterior and a wavy shape that resembles snow drifts. With a movie theater and sauna inside, the library built to mark the country's centenary is about more than just books.
Image: Tuomas Uusheimo
Rising from the ashes
The Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar got its present name in 1991. It had previously been called simply the "Herzogliche Bibliothek" ("The Ducal Library") for 300 years. The building with its famous rococo hall (above) was partially destroyed in a fire, but it reopened on October 24, 2007.
Image: Jan Woitas/ZB/picture alliance
The 'book cube'
The new municipal library in the southwest German city of Stuttgart, is designed in the shape of a cube and is therefore also referred to as a "book cube." The building was designed by Korean architect Eun Young Yi and opened in 2011. There is space for half a million books and other media.
Image: Weber/Eibner-Pressefoto/picture alliance
A football field or a library?
Don't worry if you don't have a student card, the library of the University of Technology in Delft, the Netherlands is worth visiting even without it. The sloping, grass-grown top of the building is particularly striking, and the 42-meter-high cone that pierces the building in the middle hides four floors full of books.
Image: Nicholas Kane/Arcaid/picture alliance
Tulipwood and ebony
British newspaper "The Daily Telegraph" included the Biblioteca Joanina in Coimbra, Portugal in the 2013 list of the most spectacular libraries in the world. It bears the name of the Portuguese king John V, who commissioned its construction. All bookshelves are made of tulipwood and ebony, and the place is now part of the Faculty of Law.
Image: picture-alliance/akg-images/H. Champollion
The ancient world meets modernity
The Library of Alexandria was the most famous library in the world before it was destroyed in flames about 2,000 years ago. It is said to have contained the whole knowledge of the then world on about 490,000 papyrus rolls. The new library of Alexandria, which continues the tradition, opened in 2002. Its final cost? More than 220 million dollars (€187 m.).
Image: picture-alliance/Arco Images GmbH
Among mummies
Some of the specimens in possession of the Abbey library of Saint Gall in St. Gallen, Switzerland are over 1,300 years old, and visitors can see the monastery plan, the oldest building plan in Europe, or an Egyptian mummy. The Büchersaal ("The Book Hall," above) has been on the UNESCO World Heritage list since 1983.
Image: picture-alliance/Stuart Dee/robertharding
Rescued by a president
Pay a visit to the Library of Congress whenever you are in Washington, D. C. The library was founded in 1800 but was burnt down by the British just 14 years later. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, sold about 6,500 books from his private collection to fund the $24,000 restoration. The main reading room pictured above was built in the Neo-Renaissance style.
Image: picture-alliance/JOKER/H. Khandani
An oak-ey idea
The double-storey "Long Room" in the old Trinity College Library in Dublin is 64 meters long and 12 meters wide. But the space wasn't always as impressive as it is today. Its flat, plaster ceiling was removed in 1858 and substituted by a new roof made of oak.
Image: Imago/imagebroker
A movie star
The New York Public Library has starred in several films, including the musical "42nd Street" from 1933, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961), "Ghostbusters" (1984) and "Spider-Man" (2002). It is also where Carrie and Mr. Big get married in the 2008 "Sex and the City" film. Opened in 1911, the impressive main reading room is currently being expanded.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/J. Schmitt-Tegge
Everything is big in China
With an archive of more than 30 million books and other media, the National Library of China is one of the seven largest libraries in the world. It was built as the "Capital Library" in 1809 and later renamed the "Beijing Library" in 1928 after the People's Republic of China was established. Its current name was approved by the state in 1998.
Image: Getty Images/AFP/W. Zhao
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If the extravagant new libraries erected to house millions of books around the world are any indicator, libraries today continue to attract a great many readers young and old, despite the prevalence of digital offerings.
German physicist Albert Einstein once famously said that the only thing you "absolutely have to know" is the location of the library, a view that has been shared by countless scientists, writers, politicians and statesmen.
French 20th-century philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre saw the library as "a temple," while Marcus Tullius Cicero, a Roman statesman and scholar who lived in the first century BC, wrote that if you have a garden and a library, "you have everything you need."
British essayist and poet T.S. Eliot felt that "the very existence of libraries affords the best evidence that we may yet have hope for the future of man."
A window to the world
The library is also celebrated in contemporary fantasy novels. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, young wizard Ron Weasley says about his friend Hermione that, "when in doubt" she "goes to the library."
Jorge Luis Borges, a 20th-century Argentine writer and poet, imagined paradise as a "kind of library."
Step into the world's literary "paradises" by clicking through the gallery above — while a selection of stunning German libraries can be found below.
From baroque to modern: Germany's most impressive libraries
The only thing that you absolutely have to know is the location of the library, Einstein once said. To mark Germany's Day of Libraries on October 24, here is a selection of our favorite German reading spaces.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa
Stuttgart's municipal library
Designed to be an intellectual and cultural center, the new Stuttgart municipal library was built in 2011, a towering nine-story cube. Outside, it's constructed of pale gray concrete framing glass bricks. Inside, it's stark white. Books that line the walls of the light-flooded five-story gallery hall are the only splashes of color. At night, the library is illuminated in different colors.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/B. Weißbrod
Duchess Anna Amalia library
The Duchess Anna Amalia Library is a small gem in Weimar that houses books, maps, musical scripts and ancestral registers. It's named after the duchess who saw to it that the court's book collection was moved into the Rococo library in 1766. A fire in 2004 destroyed part of the precious collection. After undergoing restoration, the UNESCO-listed building reopened three years later.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/J. Woitas
Herzog August Library
Bibliotheca Augusta, the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel, is one of the oldest libraries in the world that has made it to the present day without losses to its famous collections. An avid book collector, Duke August (1579-1666) made it one of the largest European libraries of his day. Scholars continue to turn to the library for its wealth of medieval literature.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/H. Hollemann
Foster Library
Due to its cranial shape, this library in Berlin has been dubbed "The Brain." It houses the libraries for the philosophy and humanities departments at the capital's Freie Universität and has quickly become an architectural landmark. It was designed by internationally renowned architect Norman Foster and opened in 2005.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/D. Andree/Helga Lade
Oberlausitz Library of Sciences
The Oberlausitz Library of Sciences in Görlitz, right on the border with Poland, dates back to 1806. Plain but inviting, it is one of the most striking early classicist library halls. More than 140,000 books document the history, culture, nature and society of the region between Dresden to the West and Wroclaw to the East.
Image: picture-alliance/ZB/M. Hiekel
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Center
The spectacular Grimm Center is a part of Berlin's Humboldt University. Built in 2009, it houses a library and the university's computer and media services. The reading room, above, is at the heart of the building. It gives people "a sense of the outdoors" through its size and tiered, almost scenic design, says architect Max Dudler. It offers "the feeling of reading under the open sky."
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/R. Jensen
Bavarian State Library
Collections begun in the mid-16th century have grown to more 10 million books in the Bavarian State Library in Munich, once known as the Bibliotheca Regia Monacensis. The collections found a home in the current building between 1832 and 1843, which was almost completely destroyed during World War II. The library took years to rebuild.