In the battle to save threatened species from extinction, a new study has found that keeping climate change under 1.5 degrees Celsius could be key. Global warming will hit hardest those animals we depend upon most.
Currently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists 5,583 species as critically endangered, including subspecies of animals and plants.
Another 20,000 species are classified as endangered or vulnerable.
Hunting and poaching are among the top reasons for species endangerment.
Take the pangolin: their meat and scales are sought-after as food and for traditional medicine, respectively.
Some pangolin species are already critically endangered, and their population is still declining.
For many other species, the biggest challenge is habitat loss.
All three species of orangutans are threatened with extinction because the trees they live in are being cut down, for example to make room for palm oil plantations.
Grasslands are converted into housing estates, and country ponds are drained to set up a barbecue grill instead — in our modern industrialized world, many animals and plants have no more room to thrive anymore.
Species that are adapted to living on savannah simply cannot survive when their savannah turns to desert.
"Every species has a preferred climate. Just as you and I don't like it too hot or too cold, too wet or too dry," Rachel Warren of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, United Kingdom, tells DW.
Warren and her colleagues in East Anglia and at the James Cook University in Australia studied some 115,000 species around the globe, examining their habitats and how their geographic range would develop in a warming world.
The warmer the climate gets, the more plant and animal species will be at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, they found.
The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to maximum 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, while aiming "to pursue efforts" to limit it to 1.5 degrees.
"We found that achieving the ultimate goal of the Paris Agreement, to limit warming to 1.5 degree above pre-industrial levels, would reap enormous benefits for biodiversity," Warren said.
What a difference in half a degree
They investigated three different scenarios: warming of 1.5, 2 and 3.2 degrees Celsius. The latter is the current global warming trajectory if countries meet national pledges to reduce CO2 emissions.
The researchers found that with current pledges, about 49 percent of all insects, 44 percent of all plants and 26 percent of all vertebrates would lose half their habitat by 2100.
By limiting global warming to 2.0 degrees, this numbers would decrease tremendously, to 18 percent, 16 percent and 8 percent.
At 1.5 degrees, those numbers would be more than halved, to 6 percent for insects, 8 percent for plants and 4 percent for vertebrates. Taking the lower limit for global warming would save the majority of global species from climate change.
Christian Hof, a researcher at the Senckenberg Center for Biodiversity and Climate in Frankfurt, called the study "the largest of its kind." Hof, who did not participate in the study, called the methodology "solid" and added that the large difference in the 2 and 3.2 degree results were surprising.
Kirsten Thonicke, a researcher at the Potsdam Institut for Climate Research in Potsdam (PIK), pointed out that the study builds off of a WWF study and others before it. She called new the consideration of insects, also the "astounding" number of 115,000 species analyzed. She was also not involved in the study.
The big winners
Species across the globe would benefit from a 1.5 degree warming limit, but particularly those in Southern Africa, the Amazon, Europe and Australia, the researchers write.
Among the big winners would be species which are also hit hardest by poaching, such as the critically endangered black rhinoceros, they found.
Warren adds that among the species particularly vulnerable to global warming are insects.
"It probably is because they are cold-blooded animals and don't have much control over their body temperature," she says, adding that many insect species don't have much ability to move to other areas when the climate gets unsuitable for them, such as beetles that live in the soil.
How we depend on insects
Saving insect species from extinction is particularly important, the researchers write: They are at the bottom of the food chain and are a main food source for many birds, reptiles and mammals.
When insects die, a lot of other species will die with them.
In addition, insects offer services we humans cannot do without, such as pollinating crops and flowers.
The economic value of insect pollination was estimated in a 2005 study at 153 billion euros ($181 billion), accounting for 9.5 percent of global agricultural food production.
"We found that particularly those groups of insects important for pollination are one of the more sensitive ones to global warming."
Even without climate change, insects are already in bad shape: intensive farming with monocultural fields full of pesticides makes life particularly hard for them.
Insects have declined by 76 percent over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas in Germany, one survey found.
All they want to do is feed on sweet nectar or other delicacies. But at the same time, they pollinate flowers and thus enable plants to reproduce. There's more to these little creatures than meets the eye.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/P. Pleul
As sweet as honey
They are the pollination super stars! Honeybees account for about 80 percent of all pollination by insects. They visit a large variety of plants, collecting pollen and nectar taking it back to their hive. Each hive can collect about 66 pounds of pollen every year. As well as the honeybees, there are several thousand wild bee species. Most of those live a solitary life, not in hives.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/P. Pleul
The humble bumblebee
They are bigger and hairier than honeybees, but just as useful: bumblebees also feed on floral nectar, using their long hairy tongues to collect the delicious liquid. Bumblebees are social animals like honeybees, but form much smaller colonies of only about 50 to 600 individuals.
Wasps have a bad reputation and the vast majority of wasp species play no role in pollination. That is because wasps have a smooth body without hairs, and pollen doesn't stick to them. Pollen wasps are different, though. They collect pollen and nectar inside their throats and feed their young with it.
Image: Colourbox
Just a busy bee?
These little creatures try to look dangerous by imitating the coloring of bees and wasps - but they are harmless and cannot sting. They are often seen hovering above flowers. The adults love nectar and pollen and are important pollinators. Hoverfly larvae are also useful: they feed on aphids and thus help with pest control.
Image: picture alliance/H. Bäsemann
To bee, or not to bee
They look a bit like a cross between a fly and a bee, hence their name. Bee flies can grow to up to four centimeters. They live in many parts of the world, but are most diverse in the tropics and subtropics. Adult bee flies love pollen and nectar; their larvae, though, feed on the eggs or larvae of other insects.
There are more than 18,000 species of butterflies, and most of them are brightly coloured. With their long, thin legs and relatively small bodies, they cannot carry as much pollen as bees. Still, they do a good job pollinating plants. Unlike bees, butterflies can see red which attracts them to different blooms than bees.
Image: MEHR
A help or a hindrance?
Moths are less colourful than butterflies, but they still belong to the same family. Moths fly at night. That's why they do not need bright colours. But they also feed on flowering plants. Some moths, and especially their caterpillars, are major agricultural pests, though.
Image: picture-alliance/Arco Images/J. Fieber
Don't beetle about the bush
Did you know that beetles also play a role in pollination? Some of them do, such as the flower scarab, also called flower beetle. As the name suggest, they visit flowers for pollen and nectar. There are around 4,000 species. One is the green rose chafer (photo).
Image: picture-alliance/blickwinkel/J. Fieber
In the blink of an eye
It is not only insects that do the pollinator's job - there are birds on duty as well. Especially birds with long slim bills like hummingbirds carry pollen from one flower to the next when feeding on nectar. Some species of plants have even evolved to produce flowers that appear especially attractive to hummingbirds.
Image: CC BY 2.0: KevinCole/flickr.com
Sun worshipper
Some other birds belonging to the passerine group also appreciate floral nectar. Take this Seychelles sunbird. Its long, slender bill shows that it is specialized on drinking from flower blossoms. This species is especially fond of hibiscus flowers.
Image: picture-alliance/blickwinkel/M. Woike
Creature of the night?
Bats - including their larger relatives, the fruit bats - play an important role in plant distribution and reproduction. While some bat species prefer insects, others feed on fruit or on nectar. When they drink nectar with their long tongues, they transfer pollen from one blossom to the next.
A creature that nose pollen
In Madagascar, primates like this mouse lemur pollinate flowers and are even essential to the reproduction of some tree species. They stick their noses into the flowers to drink nectar, and pollen collects on their snouts.
Image: Imago
Scaling up
Yes, there are even some species of lizard and snake that help with pollination. Researchers found that, especially on islands, lizards are important pollinators. They suspect that lizards have fewer predators on islands and are therefore more numerous. On these islands they can roam around more freely and expand their diet to nectar, pollen and fruit.
Image: picture-alliance/Hippocampus-Bildarchiv
13 images1 | 13
Worthy of protection
Protecting species can pay off in many ways: Rich biodiversity guarantees fertile soil, and clean water and air, researchers point out.
It might even allow for finding a cure for cancer, for example in a type of coral that conservationists have been struggling for years to protect.
While limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees could save the majority of species from climate change, the report's authors acknowledge that this might be a difficult goal to achieve.
That's why it is important to "allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change," they write, suggesting that enlarging protected area networks could be one way to do so.
This would species give the opportunity to move into new suitable habitat.
Just a bigger nature reserve won't save the pangolins, though.
Experts fear that those shy, secretive mammals might go extinct within the next 10 years, long before scientists have even a chance to study their behavior and learn more about them.
Yet, Warren points out that it is important to think about climate change now even if other problems seem more urgent.
"If we don't do something about the future, there is a problem waiting around the corner."
Looks like the IUCN Red List is set to get even longer in the future.
Human activity threatens thousands of species with extinction: Red List
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature's annual Red List assesses 97,000 species — 27,000 face extinction. Poaching, invasive pests, agriculture and climate change are driving many of them to the brink.
Image: picture-alliance/dpa/WWF
Hope for mountain gorillas
Let's start with the good news. According to the latest Red List update, the number of mountain gorillas has significantly increased. The IUCN has said the number of animals has risen from about 680 a decade ago to more than 1,000 now. Intensive conservation action such as removal of snares has contributed to the rebound of the mountain gorilla, which inhabits the Congo region's jungles.
Image: Reisedoktor/Wikipedia
Whales get a reprieve
Fin whales are now considered vulnerable rather than the more worrisome label of endangered. Their number has roughly doubled since the 1970s, to around 100,000 individuals, according to the IUCN. The situation of gray whales has also been upgraded — from critically endangered to endangered. Bans on commercial whaling have made a real impact on conservation.
Image: picture-alliance/ZUMAPRESS/VW Pics
Dampened euphoria
Yet the IUCN also issued warnings about the consequences of overfishing. For example, 13 percent of grouper species worldwide and 9 percent of the approximately 450 fish species in Lake Malawi in eastern Africa are threatened with extinction. "Depleting fish stocks are a serious concern for food security, particularly for coastal communities in developing countries," the IUCN said.
In a previous Red List update, the Mauritian flying fox — an important pollinator — moved from vulnerable to endangered. The bat population fell by a whopping 50 percent from 2015 to 2016 due largely to government-implemented culling sparked by alleged damage to fruit crops. The megabat species also faces threats from deforestation, illegal hunting and an increase in cyclone activity.
Image: M. D. Parr
Invasive species threaten Australian wildlife
Invasive species are threatening a number of unique Australian reptiles. This grassland earless dragon has shifted from vulnerable to endangered. It often falls prey to feral cats, as well as changes to the intensity and frequency of bushfires. Like most native Australian wildlife, the reptile is adapted to environmental conditions that existed before European settlement.
Image: Will Osborne
A precious species
Taking its name from "The Lord of the Rings" character Smeagol — aka Gollum — the precious stream toad is also on the list of species threatened with extinction. It is listed as vulnerable, largely as a result of expanding tourist resorts and complexes in its Genting Highlands habitat in Malaysia.
Image: Chan Kin Onn
Junk food parrots
The population of keas, New Zealand's Bird of the Year 2017, is declining rapidly, mostly due to tourists who keep feeding the curious parrots junk food. As a result, the birds get used to trying novel food and end up eating poison bait meant to control pests such as rats, stoats, or possums, which destroy up to 60 percent of the birds' nests each year. You can see the connection, can't you?
Image: Imago/imagebroker
No sand eel, no kittiwake
Black-legged kittiwakes rely on certain key prey, like sand eels. But a lack of eels to eat means breeding colonies in the North Atlantic and Pacific are struggling to feed their chicks. Globally, the species is thought to have declined by around 40 percent since the 1970s. The main cause is overfishing and alterations in the ocean due to climate change.
The snowy owl is vulnerable, with recent population estimates much lower than previously thought. Climate change has hit the iconic Arctic bird hard, as it has increased snowmelt and reduced the availability of rodent prey. A quarter of bird species reassessed in the Red List, including the snowy owl, have become more endangered.
Image: Imago/CTK Photo
Reebok namesake in danger
Five species of African antelopes — of which four were previously assessed as least concern — have been declining drastically as a result of poaching, habitat degradation and competition with domestic livestock. One of these is the gray rhebok, for which the Reebok sports brand is named.
Image: UltimateUngulate/Brent Huffman
World's largest antelope in trouble
The world's largest antelope, the giant eland — previously assessed as least concern — is also vulnerable. Its estimated global population is between 12,000 and 14,000 at most, with fewer than 10,000 mature animals. This species is declining due to poaching for bushmeat, human encroachment into protected areas and expansion of agriculture and livestock grazing.