Russia and Ukraine are among the world’s largest grain exporters. Most Russian wheat is grown in the country's southern regions, although Russia has also expanded grain production in occupied parts of Ukraine.

As Russia’s wheat harvest gets underway, the growing number of Ukrainian attacks on shipping in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea raises questions about how Russian grain will reach global markets. Moscow is exploring alternative export routes, including Baltic and Arctic ports, but experts warn both options face major logistical, economic and security challenges.