More than 460 international companies have halted operations in Russia since it launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 by selling or liquidating their assets, according to a study by Ukraine's Kyiv School of Economics. 

In total, 59 global brands have left the Russian market, the study said.

Of these, 25 companies are keeping their trademarks registered in Russia, DW learned from the database of Russia's national patent office, Rospatent.

What does keeping the trademark mean?

Maintaining the trademark means the names, logos and designs of a brand remain the company's intellectual property and can't be used or imitated by others. 

For example, the golden arches logo of McDonald's remains protected in Russia, or the iconic three-pointed star of Mercedes' trademark. 

Both of these are among the companies keeping their trademarks registered in Russia, as well as Ikea, Jaguar and Volvo.

The other 34 companies of the 59 global brands that left the Russian market — including German consumer goods and adhesives manufacturer Henkel and Finnish energy supplier Fortum — have not applied for their trademarks to be used in Russia after February 2022.

Some companies, such as consumer goods manufacturer Unilever and British American Tobacco, have transferred the trademark rights to some of their products to their former Russian subsidiaries. This means formally, they no longer have anything to do with them.

But the Russian press has jumped on signs that companies like McDonald's and KFC, which had announced their complete withdrawal from Russia, have now applied for new trademarks or the extension of existing trademark rights. Citing the Rospatent website, they have run with headlines like "The return of Western companies," or "Western companies follow Ariston and flock to Russia," and "The State Duma speaks out in favor of the return of Western companies."

Swedish furniture maker Ikea has come under particular scrutiny. In 2022, Ikea condemned Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In 2024, it finally left the Russian Federation and sold off its last warehouse in the Moscow region, where it had once started its Russian operations in 2003. Yet according to the Rospatent database, Ikea has filed at least four applications to extend the registration of its trademarks since February 2022, one of which is still under review.

Who has abandoned their brand?

The other companies listed by the Kyiv School of Economics have either not submitted or have withdrawn trademark applications. For example, German detergent and adhesive maker Henkel did not extend its trademark rights in 2022, and its current registration expires at the end of this year.

A trademark registration is valid for a total of 10 years and many companies that submitted an application before February 2022 still have some time left to decide.

German hardware store chain Obi applied for trademark registration in 2021, but this was not approved until the end of 2022. This means its intellectual property will likely be protected for years to come.

In practice, however, there may be exceptions. Under Russian law, a competitor may legally challenge the right to use an "ownerless" trademark if it has not been used for three years. In March of this year, Russian air conditioning manufacturer Rusklimat succeeded in having the Swedish company Ericsson's trademark registration declared invalid in court.

Why companies protect their trademarks

Russian economist and journalist Jan Melkumov says extending trademark rights is primarily a formal procedure. An application indicates that a company does not want to part with its brands in Russia. "Companies want to avoid someone else using their brand names. They don't want to spend money on lawyers and go through a new registration process," he told DW.

According to Melkumov, if companies agree on a repurchase right when selling their Russian assets, they can also get their trademarks back. However, if these have already been sold by the buyer, repurchasing could take years.

At the same time, Melkumov emphasizes that, given the turbulent political situation and high risks, few big companies would be likely to return to Russia. "For them, it's a question of strategic planning. If the political situation changes in five or 10 years, it will be easier for them to reestablish their presence," Melkumov told DW.

A return to the Russian market depends less on the willingness of companies and more on the political situation and Russian regime, he said. "Even under favorable conditions, a return will not be reminiscent of the 1990s," Melkumov said. "There will not be as much enthusiasm and trust in Russia as there was then — people will be cautious."

The Ukrainian organization B4Ukraine, which campaigns for Russia's isolation, asked numerous companies about their plans for reentering the Russian market. McDonald's and Coca-Cola, two US companies, issued cautious statements in this regard.

As published by B4Ukraine, McDonald's said that the reasons that led the company to withdraw from Russia in 2022 "remain valid today." Coca-Cola, meanwhile, stated that "sanctions and other legal barriers remain in place that influence any consideration of returning to the Russian market."

Non-Western companies fill the void

Russian authorities have drawn up certain criteria for companies wishing to return to the country. According to the RBC website, foreign companies could be made to ensure local production, engage in technology transfer, and enter into joint ventures with Russian shareholders.

But for now, none of this is finalized. The real beneficiaries of the current situation are Chinese, Indian and Middle Eastern companies, who are actively replacing Western competitors, Melkumov explained.

According to a study by Nikoliers, a consulting firm, 27 clothing and shoe brands from these countries have already replaced 32 Western companies that have left the Russian market.

This article was translated from German.