Last week, Aakar Patel, the former head of Amnesty International India, was stopped from leaving India by immigration officials who said a "look out circular (LOC)" had been issued against him by India's Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

An LOC is generally used for apprehending criminals at borders.

Patel had been invited by three universities in the US to deliver lectures on sensitive subjects like a crackdown on India's civil society. Patel is the author of "The Price of the Modi Years," which critically analyses Narendra Modi's prime ministership.

"This is nothing but malice of the government. It is a clear signal to activists, journalists and politicians to shut up and don’t talk about certain things. You will be fine if you keep quiet," Patel told DW.

Both Patel and Amnesty International India have been targeted several times by authorities.

In 2020, a case was filed against Amnesty International India and three linked organisations after India's Home Ministry alleged that it had violated rules regulating foreign monetary contributions. Amnesty was forced to halt operations in India after its bank accounts were frozen.

A week before Patel's incident, Indian journalist Rana Ayyub was stopped on her way the United Kingdom to address a conference at the International Centre for Journalists and a keynote address on Indian democracy at the international journalism festival in Perugia, Italy.

Ayyub had received a last-minute summons to appear before a financial crimes agency and give a statement in a money laundering case.

Ayyub said she received the summons "very curiously" after she was stopped at Mumbai airport.

"I was stopped today at the Indian immigration while I was about to board my flight to London to deliver my speech on the intimidation of journalists," Ayyub said in a tweet.

Ayyub has often tweeted how she has faced online harassment and death threats from right-wing trolls. She has also accused Prime Minister Modi of being complicit in violence against Muslims.

Hours later, a court allowed Ayyub to fly to her destination.

"We are only following the law. If there are cases that need to be followed up, we will do so," a senior CBI official told DW.

India's crackdown on civil society

Critics of Modi's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) say the government is using financial and tax laws, and agencies like the CBI, to intimidate civil society.

"The instincts of this government are to control. With control, comes censorship and recent years have demonstrated the many shades of censorship that the Modi government has resorted to," Indian journalist and researcher Pamela Philipose told DW.

Philipose added that the government has pressured media organizations to take down content, forced management to dismiss staff and has used draconian laws to throw journalists into prison.

"I would say that stopping people on their way to conferences and book tours is part of the same strategy. These are desperate measures but they are completely in sync with authoritarianism," she said.

Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia director of Human Rights Watch (HRW), said authorities have yet to offer a reasonable explanation for the restrictions on freedom of movement.

"Yet it continues, which suggests that there is little motive but to cause harassment or to hide failures. The government should care about criticism of their human rights record, and it would be better served to end abuses, prosecute perpetrators, instead of trying to cover up failures by targeting critics," Ganguly told DW.

Travel stops a common tactic

There have been other instances of critics being stopped at airports in recent years.

In 2019, news television channel NDTV's founders Prannoy Roy and his wife Radhika were stopped from boarding an international flight from Mumbai for a holiday to Nairobi.

The CBI had registered a case against the Roys, a private company and others for allegedly causing losses to a private bank. Although the couple had booked their return tickets and were cooperating with authorities, they were deemed a flight risk.

In a statement issued at the time, NDTV said that the detention was a "shameful continuance of the campaign to warn the media that nothing less than complete obeisance is acceptable."

Also in 2019, when the BJP government removed the special status of Jammu and Kashmir, several important figures from the region were kept from flying abroad.

Shah Faesal, a former bureaucrat who later formed the Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement, was prevented from flying to Istanbul and was detained under the Public Safety Act after he criticized the government's actions.

A month later in 2019, Kashmiri journalist Gowhar Geelani was prevented from traveling to Germany to take part in a training program. In October, Kashmiri journalist and human rights activist, Bilal Bhat, was stopped from boarding a flight to Malaysia.

The government's justification at the time was that these people were "influencers" and could instigate dissent and complicate the political transition in Kashmir.

"I find it strange that serious offenders like Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi have been allowed to leave India but those who have been critical of the government have had look out notices issued and have been detained at airports," criminal attorney Rebecca John told DW.

"Clearly this is yet another tool employed by the government to harass citizens, particularly those who have voiced their concerns about diminishing democratic rights in India," she added.

Edited by: Wesley Rahn