From its growing role in Russia's war in Ukraine to its expanding cyber operations targeting European institutions, North Korea is already shaping the continent’s security landscape in ways many have yet to fully grasp.

Speaking to DW, Korea expert Eric J. Ballbach explains how North Korea has evolved in recent years, why its partnership with Russia matters for Europe, and how cyber activity is helping fund its military ambitions.

If past approaches like sanctions, deterrence, and high-level diplomacy are no longer enough, what does that mean for Europe's strategy going forward?