A daidai lokacin da ake cika shekaru 80 da kawo karshen mulkin Nazi a Jamus, wani sabon rahoton DW ya yi waiwaye kan yadda bakaken fata da ke da tsatso da Afirka da ake kira Afro-German suka sha ukuba wancan lokaci.
Bikin cika shekaru 80 da kawo karshen mulkin 'yan Nazi a JamusHoto: ODD ANDERSEN/AFP/Getty Images
Talla
A lokacin mulkin 'yan Nazi a Jamus, bakaken fata da ake kira Afro-German sun fuskanci wariya da daukar matakan hana su haihuwa da kuma hana su shaidar zama 'yan kasa. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam da masana, na fafutukar ganin an yadda da rashin adalcin da 'yan Nazin suka yi wa Jamusawa bakaken fatar. A cewarsu, har ya zuwa wannan lokaci bakaken fata na fuskantar tasirin wariyar launin fatar. Jamus ta fara alaka da Afirka kai tsaye tun daga 1880 kimanin shekaru 145 da Turawan mulkin mallakar kasar suka baza komar cinikin bayi a kasashe kamar Kamaru da Togo da kuma kasashen Gabashin Afirka da ke karkashin ikon Jamus har ma da Namibiya da ta kubucewa Jamus a lokacin yakin duniya na daya.
Duk da cewa babu kididdiga, amma dubun-dubatar bakaken fata ne aka yi jigilarsu daga Afirka da yankin Caribbean da kudancin Amurka zuwa Jamus. Masana tarihi sun rubuta tarin littattafai kan ta'asar da Jamus ta yi na nuna kyama ga bakaken fata da Yahudawa da Romawa har ma da sauran tsirarru a kasar, kama daga batun wariyar launin fata da kisan kiyashi har ma da keta hakkin masu neman jinsi da sauran tsirarru. Tun daga shekara ta 1880 kawo yanzu, Jamus ta gaza kawar da tasirin kyamar da ake nuna musu. Farfesa Katharina Oguntoye da ke nazari kan tarihin Jamus a Berlin babban birnin kasar ta ce, akwai banbamci tsakanin tasirin mulkin mallaka kan shekarun da aka kwashe ana aikata ta'asar da kuma wariyar launin fata.
Tunawa da kisan kare dangi kan Yahudawa
Ranar 27 ga watan Janairun kowace shekara duniya take tunawa da kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Yahudawa. Akwai wuraren tunawa da aka tanada a Jamus domin ganin ba a manta da abin da ya faru ba.
Hoto: picture-alliance/AP Photo/M. Schreiber
Sansanin gwale-gwale na Dachau
Rubutu a gaban sansanin Dachau. Yana wajen birnin Munich, ya kasance sansanin gwale-gwale lokacin mulkin 'yan Nazi karkashin Adolf Hitler. Jami'an tsaro sun yi amfani da sansanin wajen azabatarwa da kashe 'yan adawa na siyasa. Daga bisani Dachau ya zama abin da 'yan Nazi suka yi kofi a wasu wurare.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Gidan Wannsee
Kayataccen gidan Wannsee da ke gefen ruwan birnin Berlin ya taka rawa wajen kitsa kisan kare dangi ga Yahudawa. Mambobin gwamnatin Nazi 15 da wasu jami'an tsaro sun hadu ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 1942 domin samar da shirin karshe na kakkabe Yahudawa a yankunan da Jamus ta mamaye. A shekarar 1992 saboda taron an mayar da gidan Wannsee zuwa na tarihi da tunawa da abin da ya faru.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Tunawa da kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Yahudawa
Wurin da ke kusa da kofar Brandenburg a birnin Berlin ya zama na tunawa da Yahudawa da aka kashe, kuma an kaddamar shekaru 60 bayan yakin duniya na biyu inda aka bude ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2005 sannan kwanaki biyu daga bisani ya zama wurin da mutane za su iya ziyara. Peter Eisenman mai zanen taswirar gidaje ya jagoranci aikin wanda aka zuba kankare mai yawan gaske.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Tunawa da masu neman jinsi da aka kuntata musu
Ba da nisa ba daga wajen tunawa da Yahudawa da aka halaka a Turai, akwai wajen tunawa da dubban masu neman jinsi da aka kuntata musu lokacin mulkin 'yan Nazi daga shekarar 1933 zuwa 1945. Wajen tarihin mai tsawon kafa-13 yana da taga da ake iya ganin bidiyo da maza biyu ko mata biyu da suka sunbatan juna. Ranar 28 ga watan Mayu 2008 aka kaddamar da wurin tarihin a birnin Berlin.
Hoto: picture alliance/Markus C. Hurek
Filin taron 'yan Nazi
Nuremberg ya kasance wajen da ake babban gangamin farfaganda na jam'iyyar Nazi daga 1933 har farkon yakin duniya na biyu. Babban taron jam'iyyar Nazi na shekara-shekara da gangami na samun mahalarta kimanin 200,000 a wurin mai girma da fadin kimanin kilo-mita 11. Ginin wanda ba a gama ginawa ba yanzu ya zama wajen taro bayanai da gidan tarihi.
Hoto: picture-alliance/Daniel Karmann
Tunawa da nuna turjiya a Jamus
Ginin Bendlerblock da ke birnin Berlin ya zama helkwatar sojoji masu nuna tirjiya. Ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 1944 wasu gungun hafsoshin soja karkashin Kanar Claus von Stauffenberg sun yi yunkurin halaka shugaban gwamnati Adolf Hitler. An yanke musu hukuncin kisa a daren aka harbe su tare da binne su a Bendlerblock. Ginin ya zama wajen tunawa da turjiya da aka samu a Jamus.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Wajen tunawa na Bergen-Belsen
Sansanin gwale-gwale na Bergen-Belsen na jihar Lower Saxony, wanda aka kafa a matsayin sansanin fursunonin yaki ya zama na gwale-gwale. Fursunonin da suka gaza aiki a sauran sansanoni aka kai wajen inda mafi yawa suka mutu saboda rashin lafiya. Daya daga cikin mutane 50,000 da suka mutu a wajen ita ce Anne Frank matashiyar Bayahudiya da ta yi suna bayan mutuwarta bayan wallafa abin da ta rubuta.
Hoto: picture alliance/Klaus Nowottnick
Wajen tunawa na Buchenwald
Wajen da ke kusa da Thuringia a garin Weimar, Buchenwald ya kasance daya daga cikin sansanonin gwale-gwale mafi girma a Jamus. Daga 1937 zuwa watan Afrilun 1945, 'yan Nazi sun kwaso mutane kimanin 270,000 daga dukkan kasashen Turai inda suka halaka 64,000 kafin sojojin Amirka su kai dauki a 1945. Wajen ya zama na tunawa da mutanen.
Hoto: Getty Images/J. Schlueter
Wajen tunawa na Sinti da Roma
Daura da ginin majalisar dokokin Jamus da ke birnin Berlin a shekara ta 2012 an kaddamar da wajen tunawa da 'yan Sinti da Roma kimanin 500,000 da gwamnatin 'yan Nazi ta halaka. Akwai tafki da aka yi mai dauke da rubutu cikin harsunan Ingilishi da Jamusanci da harshen 'yan Romani domin tunawa da wadanda suka mutu.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Jera bulok a matsayin abin tunawa
A shekarun 1990 mai fasahar zane-zane Gunther Demnig ya fara shiri kan abin da 'yan Nazi suka yi. Ya jera tubali a gaban gidajen mutanen da 'yan Nazi suka kashe tare da rubuta bayanai kan mutanen har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su ko kuma aka halaka su. An yi haka ga mutane fiye da 45,000 a kasashe 18 na Turai. Wannan ke zama tunawa da kisan kare dangin Yahudawa mafi girma da ya ratsa kasashe.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Brown House in Munich
Gidan jagora, inda Adolf Hitler ya yake zama a matsayin ofis a birnin Munich, ya kasance helkwatar jam'iyyar Nazi. Ginin ya zama cibiyar tatttara tarihi game da jam'iyyar 'yan Nazi. An bude ranar 30 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015, shekaru 70 bayan nasarar da aka samu kan 'yan Nazi lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa/Sven Hoppe
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To amma ga Robbie Aitken masanin tarihi a Jami'ar Sheffield Helen da ya shafe shekaru sama da 20 yana nazari kan tarihin Jamus ya ce, wariyar launin fata ta samo asali ne tun daga lokacin mulkin mallaka a 1929 har zuwa kafa gwamnatin Nazi a 1933. Bakaken fata na da tarihin fuskantar cin zarafi da tsangwama, daga fararen fata. Farfesa Aitken ya ce tabbas akwai yunkurin kawar da bakaken fata daga doron kasa daga gwamnatin Adolf Hitler ta la'akari da kisan kiyashin da jami'an 'yan sandan farin kaya na Nazi da aka fi sani da Gestapo, suka yi wa mutane da dama ciki har da kananan yara. Ga misali wani dan asalin Kamaru Mandenga Diek da ya yi fice a harkar kasuwanci a kasar Jamus kafin zuwan gwamnatin Nazi, ya rasa dukkan dukiyar da ya mallaka ta kuma haramta masa kasancewa dan kasa da shi da iyalansa daga gwamnatin Nazi.
A kokarin hukumomi wajen ganin sun killace tarihin mulkin mallakar Jamus a Afirka, a shekara ta 2022 an bude gidan tarihin bakar fata a birnin Cologne mai suna Theodor Wonja Michael da ya yi gwagwarmayar yaki da wariyar launin fata tun daga wajen karni na 20. To amma ina mafita kasancewar kaddara ta riga fata? Farfesa Oguntoye ta jami'ar Berlin ta bukaci karfafa koyar da tarihin bakaken fata tare da sanya shi a manhajar makarantu. Baya ga wannan shawara ta karfafa karatun tarihi a makarantu akwai kuma bukatar samar da mutum-mutumi, domin tunawa da bakaken fatan da suka yi shura a lokacin mulkin mallaka a birnin Berlin.
