Shekaru 80 ke nan, bayan kubutar da sansanin gwale-gwale da ke kusa da Lublin da sojojin Tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet suka yi. Wani dan jarida daga Amurka, ya kwatanta yanayin da fagen yaki mafi muni a duniya.
Sansanin gwale-gwale na Majdanek da aka 'yantar shekaru 80 da suka gabataHoto: Staatliche Museum Majdanek
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Daga bisani bayan kubutar da sansanin gwale-gwalen na kusa da Lublin, an gina sansanin tunawa da wadanda suka riga mu gidan gaskiya a yakin duniya na biyu a Majdanek. Masu matsakaicin ra'ayin gurguzu sun yi kokarin boye kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane dubu 78, ciki har da Yahudawa kusan dubu 60 da kuma 'yan Polanda da 'yan Belarus da 'yan Ukraine da aka tsare tare da kona gine-ginen da suke ciki. Ko da Wieslaw Wysok da ke zama mataimakin daraktan gidan tarihi na Majdanek sai da ya bayyana cewa an gano wasu shaidu masu ban tsoro game da laifukan da Jamusawa suka aikata, kama daga kasusuwa da gawarwakin mutane da kuma fursunonin da aka kashe wadanda galibinsu Yahudawa da kuma 'yan Poland ne.
Akwai dakuna dauke da alamun da ke nuna irin ta'asar da aka aikata da suka fito fili, kama daga dakin da ake fesa gubar gas da wuraren da ake kona gawarwaki da kurkuku da dubban takalma. A karshen watan Yulin 1944 watanni shida kafin 'yantar da sansanin gwale gwale na Auschwitz, ya tabbata cewar kisan Yahudawa da 'yan Poland ba farfagandar ta yaki ba ce abu ne na zahiri. An gina sansanin Majdanek ne bisa umarnin wani jagoran 'yan Nazi Heinrich Himmler a shekarar 1941, a matsayin wuri mai muhimmanci na salwantar da rayuka. Stephan Lehnstaedt malamai a fannin nazarin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wa Yahudawa a jami'ar Touro ta Berlin, ya nunar da cewa shelkwatar Aktion Reinhardt ta Lublin da ake hada-hadar tattalin arziki a nan ne ake rarraba Yahudawan da ake bukata domin gudanar da aikin karfi da ake son su yi. A nan ne ake jera kayayyakin da aka sace, sannan a kara sarrafa su.
Tunawa da kisan kare dangi kan Yahudawa
Ranar 27 ga watan Janairun kowace shekara duniya take tunawa da kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Yahudawa. Akwai wuraren tunawa da aka tanada a Jamus domin ganin ba a manta da abin da ya faru ba.
Hoto: picture-alliance/AP Photo/M. Schreiber
Sansanin gwale-gwale na Dachau
Rubutu a gaban sansanin Dachau. Yana wajen birnin Munich, ya kasance sansanin gwale-gwale lokacin mulkin 'yan Nazi karkashin Adolf Hitler. Jami'an tsaro sun yi amfani da sansanin wajen azabatarwa da kashe 'yan adawa na siyasa. Daga bisani Dachau ya zama abin da 'yan Nazi suka yi kofi a wasu wurare.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Gidan Wannsee
Kayataccen gidan Wannsee da ke gefen ruwan birnin Berlin ya taka rawa wajen kitsa kisan kare dangi ga Yahudawa. Mambobin gwamnatin Nazi 15 da wasu jami'an tsaro sun hadu ranar 20 ga watan Janairun 1942 domin samar da shirin karshe na kakkabe Yahudawa a yankunan da Jamus ta mamaye. A shekarar 1992 saboda taron an mayar da gidan Wannsee zuwa na tarihi da tunawa da abin da ya faru.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Tunawa da kisan kare dangin da aka yi wa Yahudawa
Wurin da ke kusa da kofar Brandenburg a birnin Berlin ya zama na tunawa da Yahudawa da aka kashe, kuma an kaddamar shekaru 60 bayan yakin duniya na biyu inda aka bude ranar 25 ga watan Mayu 2005 sannan kwanaki biyu daga bisani ya zama wurin da mutane za su iya ziyara. Peter Eisenman mai zanen taswirar gidaje ya jagoranci aikin wanda aka zuba kankare mai yawan gaske.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Tunawa da masu neman jinsi da aka kuntata musu
Ba da nisa ba daga wajen tunawa da Yahudawa da aka halaka a Turai, akwai wajen tunawa da dubban masu neman jinsi da aka kuntata musu lokacin mulkin 'yan Nazi daga shekarar 1933 zuwa 1945. Wajen tarihin mai tsawon kafa-13 yana da taga da ake iya ganin bidiyo da maza biyu ko mata biyu da suka sunbatan juna. Ranar 28 ga watan Mayu 2008 aka kaddamar da wurin tarihin a birnin Berlin.
Hoto: picture alliance/Markus C. Hurek
Filin taron 'yan Nazi
Nuremberg ya kasance wajen da ake babban gangamin farfaganda na jam'iyyar Nazi daga 1933 har farkon yakin duniya na biyu. Babban taron jam'iyyar Nazi na shekara-shekara da gangami na samun mahalarta kimanin 200,000 a wurin mai girma da fadin kimanin kilo-mita 11. Ginin wanda ba a gama ginawa ba yanzu ya zama wajen taro bayanai da gidan tarihi.
Hoto: picture-alliance/Daniel Karmann
Tunawa da nuna turjiya a Jamus
Ginin Bendlerblock da ke birnin Berlin ya zama helkwatar sojoji masu nuna tirjiya. Ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 1944 wasu gungun hafsoshin soja karkashin Kanar Claus von Stauffenberg sun yi yunkurin halaka shugaban gwamnati Adolf Hitler. An yanke musu hukuncin kisa a daren aka harbe su tare da binne su a Bendlerblock. Ginin ya zama wajen tunawa da turjiya da aka samu a Jamus.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Wajen tunawa na Bergen-Belsen
Sansanin gwale-gwale na Bergen-Belsen na jihar Lower Saxony, wanda aka kafa a matsayin sansanin fursunonin yaki ya zama na gwale-gwale. Fursunonin da suka gaza aiki a sauran sansanoni aka kai wajen inda mafi yawa suka mutu saboda rashin lafiya. Daya daga cikin mutane 50,000 da suka mutu a wajen ita ce Anne Frank matashiyar Bayahudiya da ta yi suna bayan mutuwarta bayan wallafa abin da ta rubuta.
Hoto: picture alliance/Klaus Nowottnick
Wajen tunawa na Buchenwald
Wajen da ke kusa da Thuringia a garin Weimar, Buchenwald ya kasance daya daga cikin sansanonin gwale-gwale mafi girma a Jamus. Daga 1937 zuwa watan Afrilun 1945, 'yan Nazi sun kwaso mutane kimanin 270,000 daga dukkan kasashen Turai inda suka halaka 64,000 kafin sojojin Amirka su kai dauki a 1945. Wajen ya zama na tunawa da mutanen.
Hoto: Getty Images/J. Schlueter
Wajen tunawa na Sinti da Roma
Daura da ginin majalisar dokokin Jamus da ke birnin Berlin a shekara ta 2012 an kaddamar da wajen tunawa da 'yan Sinti da Roma kimanin 500,000 da gwamnatin 'yan Nazi ta halaka. Akwai tafki da aka yi mai dauke da rubutu cikin harsunan Ingilishi da Jamusanci da harshen 'yan Romani domin tunawa da wadanda suka mutu.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Jera bulok a matsayin abin tunawa
A shekarun 1990 mai fasahar zane-zane Gunther Demnig ya fara shiri kan abin da 'yan Nazi suka yi. Ya jera tubali a gaban gidajen mutanen da 'yan Nazi suka kashe tare da rubuta bayanai kan mutanen har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su ko kuma aka halaka su. An yi haka ga mutane fiye da 45,000 a kasashe 18 na Turai. Wannan ke zama tunawa da kisan kare dangin Yahudawa mafi girma da ya ratsa kasashe.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa
Brown House in Munich
Gidan jagora, inda Adolf Hitler ya yake zama a matsayin ofis a birnin Munich, ya kasance helkwatar jam'iyyar Nazi. Ginin ya zama cibiyar tatttara tarihi game da jam'iyyar 'yan Nazi. An bude ranar 30 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2015, shekaru 70 bayan nasarar da aka samu kan 'yan Nazi lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Hoto: picture-alliance/dpa/Sven Hoppe
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Daga nan ake jigilar mutane zuwa wasu sansanonin kuma daga can ne ake tsara komai. Sansanonin na gwale-gwale ba su da alaka da barikin soja amma abin da ya faru a Majdanek ba sirri ba ne a Lublin, saboda 'yan gudun hijira da ma'aikata farar hula sun ba da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru. A watan Agustan 1944, an bai wa 'yan jarida na farko na yammacin Turai damar ziyartar sansanin, inda mujallar Amurka mai suna "Life" ta buga wani rahoto kan Majdanek mai taken "Mafi munin misali na tsarin zalunci a tarihin wannan zamani." Amma Stephan Lehnstaedt malamai a fannin nazarin kisan kare dangi da aka yi wan Yahudawa a jami'ar Touro ta Berlin ya ce, wannan bai yi tasiri a yakin duniya ba.
Majdanek ba wai ya kasance sansanin halakarwa na farko da sojojin tarayyar Soviet suka mamaye ba, amma yazama wurin tunawa da sansanin farko a duniya na tunawa da wadanda rikici ya rutsa da su. Sai dai sannu a hankali, ana ci gaba da shari'ar wadanda suka aikata laifin na Majdanek. A cikin shari'ar farko da aka yi a Lublin a shekara ta 1944, an gabatar da mutane shida a gaban wata kotun laifuka ta musamman kuma aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa. Amma dai, an dauki shekaru talatin wajen gudanar da sharu'ar da ta shafi kisan kiyashin a Jamus ta Yamma. Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1981, masu gadi shida da likitan sansanin da wasu sojoji tara sun gurfana a gaban kuliya a Düsseldorf a daya daga cikin shari'a mafi tsawo kuma mafi rikitarwa.
