Shin me ke faruwa da shugabannin da suka dade kan madafun iko, yayin da suke kara tsufa? Wasu shugabannin na Afirka na yin amfani da hanyoyin da dama, wajen tsawaita mulkinsu. Wasunsu ma, ba a san wa zai gaje su ba.
Shugaban Kasar Kamaru Paul BiyaHoto: Robert Fimbaye/AFP/Getty Images
Talla
Masu rike da madafun iko, suna son ganin sun ci gaba da rike madafun iko. Shugabanni a kasashen Chaina da Rasha ga misali sun kawar da wa'adin mulki, yayin da tsarin Amurka ya takaita wa'adin shugaban kasa. Shugaba Paul Biya na Kamaru ga misali, idan aka kwatanta shi da Shugaba Xi Jinping na Chaina da Shugaba Vladimir Putin na Rasha da Shugaba Donald Trump na Amurka ba su jima kan mulki ba.
Shugabancin mutu ka-raba ko kama-karya?
Tun shekara ta 1982 Biya ke kan mulki, kuma a shekara ta 2025 ya sake samun wa'adi na takwas. Sabon wa'adin mulkin Biya zai kawo karshe ranar shida ga watan Nuwamba na 2032, watanni kalilan gabanin ya cika shekaru 100 a duniya. Beverly Ochieng babbar mai bincike a kungiyar kula da rikici ta duniya ta nunar da cewa, lamarin na kassara harkokin gwamnati. Shi dai Biya mai shekaru 93 a duniya ya shafe shekaru 44 yana kan madafun ikon Kamaru, galibi ya fi zama a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland.
Shugabannin wasu kasashen Afirka sun kwashe tsawon shekaru a kan mulki, inda da yawa daga cikin 'yan kasarsu ba su san wani shugaba ba bayan su. Shugabannin da suka fi tsufa da dadewa, na kasashe makwabtan juna ne.
Hoto: Jemal Countess/UPI/newscom/picture alliance
Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema
Teodoro Obiang Nguema da shekaru 46 a karagar mulki, ya kasance shugaban kasa a Afirka da ya fi kowa dadewa a mulki. Su biyu ne suka rike wannan mukamin mafi dadewa a kan mulki, har shekara ta 2017. Tare da Shugaba José Eduardo dos Santos na Angola, suka dare mulki a shekara ta 1979. A shekarar 2022, an sake zabar sa. A yanzu dansa da ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa, na jiran gadon kujerarsa.
Hoto: Ludovic Marin/AFP
Kamerun: Paul Biya
Shugaban Kamaru, shugaban kasar da yafi yawan shekaru a Afirka: An haife shi a 1933, Paul Biya na rike da mukamin shugaban kasa tun a 1982. Ya taba rike mukamin firaminista, na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekara ta 2008, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin Kamaru kwaskwarima da nufin bai wa Biya damar yin tazarce. A watan Oktobar shekara ta 2025, mai shekaru 92 a duniyar zai sake tsayawa takara.
Tuni Shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso ya kwaskware kundin tsarin mulki, domin samun damar yin tazarce. Ya hau kan mulkin Jamhuriyar Kwango (Congo Brazzaville) tun a 1979, an saka sake zabarsa a matsayin shugaban kasa a 2021, jam'iyyun adawa sun kauracewa zaben, kana kungiyar bishop-bishop ta kasar wato 'Bishops Conference', ta yi korafi kan sahihancinsa.
Hoto: Russian Foreign Ministry/AFP
Yuganda: Shugaba Yoweri Museveni
Kusan shekaru 40 Yoweri Museveni ke kan madafun iko, 'yan kasarsa da dama ba su san wani shugaban kasa ba sai shi. Kaso 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Yuganda miliyan 46, an haife su bayan ya dare kujerar mulki a shekarar ta 1986. Domin samun damar sake yin tazarce a 2012, mai shekaru 76 a lokacin Museveni ya rusa ka'idar shekarun shugaban kasa. Yana shirin sake tsayawa takara, a zaben 2026.
Hoto: SIMON MAINA/AFP/Getty Images
Eswatini: Sarki Mswati na III
Sarki Mswati na III ya jira shekarunsa su kai, kafin ya zama sarki. Mahaifinsa Sarki Sobhuza na II da ya yi shakru 61 yana mulki, ya rasu a 1982 a lokacin Mswati na III na da shekaru 14. Shekaru hudu bayan nan, Mswati na III ya dare mulki a matsayin cikakken sarki daya tilo a Afirka. Da fari ya yi mulki tare da mahaifiyarsa a 'yar karamar kasar ta Eswatini a matsayin Nndlovukazi "Babbar Giwa".
Hoto: Dan Kitwood/empics/picture alliance
Iritiriya: Shugaba Isaias Afewerki
Karamar kasar da ke gabar Tekun Bahar Maliya, ba ta taba yin wani shugaban kasa ba. An nada Isaias Afewerki shugaban kasa a watan Mayun 1993, jim kadan bayan da 'yan Iritiriya suka zabi samun 'yancin cin-gashin kai a kuri'ar raba gardama. A baya ana yi wa mutumin da aka haifa a 1946, kallon mai kawo sauyi. A yanzu, duniya na masa kallon mai mulkin danniya da ya mayar da kasarsa saniyar ware.
Hoto: Stanislav Krasilnikov/TASS/AFP
Djibouti: Omar Guelleh
Shi ne na karshe da ya dare bisa mulki, kafin shekarun 2000. Shugaba Omar Guelleh na mulkin Djibouti, tun 1999. A tsawon wannan lokaci, ya yi amfani da yankin da yake na Daular Larabawa wajen bunkasa 'yar karamar kasarsa. A yanzu, Djibouti na zaman mai masaukin baki ga sansanin sojojin Amurka da Faransa da Japan da kuma Chaina.
Hoto: Mohammed Dhaysane/AA/picture alliance
Ruwanda: Paul Kagame
Tun 19 ga watan Yulin 1994, Paul Kagame ke mulki a Ruwanda. Ya fara rike mukaman mataimakin shugaban kasa da ministan tsaro. Bayan Shugaba Pasteur Bizimungu ya yi murabus, majalisar dokoki ta zabi Kagame ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun 2000 a matsayin magajinsa. Yayin wani zaben raba-gardama a 2015, ya yi nasarar soke wa'adin shekaru biyu na shugaban kasa. Kagame zai iya mulki, har zuwa shekara ta 2034.
A 2005 Faure Gnassingbé ya karbi mulkin Togo daga mahaifinsa da ya kwashe shekaru 38 yana shugabancin kasar. Bayan gagarumar zanga-zanga da 'yan kasar suka yi, an samar da dokar da ta takaita wa'adin mulkin shugaban kasa a 2017. Tun a shekara ta 2025, Gnassingbé ne shugaban majalisar ministocin kasar. 'Yan adawa na sukar matakin da cewa, zai iya zama shugaban kasar mutu ka raba.
Hoto: Ute Grabowsky/photothek/IMAGO
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Tsarin kama-karya ana gina shi ne, karkashin bai wa mutane tsoro. Wannan shi ne, abin da ake gani a wuraren da shugabannin suka makale kan madafun iko kamar Kamaru a fadar mai nazari Levi Mboushou wani. A wasu kasashen Afirka ana neman dora tsarin gado, kamar yadda ake zargin shugaban Yuganda Yoweri Museveni na kokarin yi. Akwai yiwuwar mai shekaru 81 a duniya da ke kan karagar mulkin Yuganda tun shekarar 1986, yana son dansa Muhoozi Kainerugaba ya gaje shi.
Shugabancin kasa ya zama gado kamar sarauta?
Haka Shugaba Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo da yake mulkin Equatorial Guinea tun 1979, ya kafa irin wannan tsari a kasar. A kasar Chadi a shekara ta 2021, bayan rasuwar Shugaba Idriss Déby Itno dansa Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno ya gaje shi. Chiedza Mlingwa ta ce, 'yan Zimbabwe haka suke rayuwa tun bayan samun 'yanci da irin wannan yanayi na gallazawa da nuna karfin gwamnati. Sauya kundin tsarin mulki na zama babbar hanyar kara wa'adin shugabanni a nahiyar Afirka, kamar abin da aka gani a kasashen Togo da Côte d'Ivoire.
